________ is the second stage during which the cytoplasm divides.
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Chromatin
A substance found in eukaryotic chromosomes that consists of DNA tightly coiled around histones
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Differentiation
A process in which cells become specialized in structure and function
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damage
Some cells die by accident because of ________ or injury, while other cells, such as skin cells, are "programmed "to die.
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G1
Though the G in ________ and G2 stands for "gap, "both G phases are periods of growth and activity.
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Cyclins
________ are a group of regulatory proteins that regulate the timing of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells.
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Cytokinesis completes
________ cell division by splitting one cell into two daughter cells; this process differs between animal and plant cells.
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Anaphase
________ is the third phase of mitosis
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Telophase
________ is the fourth and final phase of mitosis
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nuclear envelope
The ________ breaks down, and a spindle begins to form; a pair of structures called centrioles help to organize the spindle fibers.
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Metaphase
________ is the second phase of mitosis
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individual chromosomes
As a cell gets ready to divide, chromatin condenses, and ________ become visible inside the cell.
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strand of DNA
Each ________ in a doubled chromosome is called a chromatid; sister chromatids are joined at an area called the centromere.
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Mitosis
The part of the eukaryotic cell cycle during which the nucleus divides
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Prophase
________ is the first phase of mitosis
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Cancer treatments
________ can include surgery, radiation treatment, and chemotherapy.
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spindle fibers
The chromosomes line up at the center of the cell, and ________ connect the centromere of each chromosome to the spindle.
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Proteins
________ that respond to events outside the cell are called external regulators, and they can cause the cell cycle to speed up or slow down.
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M phase
The "M "in the ________ stands for mitosis, the first stage during which the nucleus divides.
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Growth factor
________ is an external regulatory protein that stimulates the growth and division of cells.
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human embryo
Early in development, a(n) ________ forms into a blastocyst- a hollow ball of cells with a group of cells inside called the inner cell mass.
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G2 phase
In the ________, a cell prepares for cell division by producing many of the needed organelles and molecules
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Prokaryotic cells
________ do not have a nucleus; instead, the DNA molecules of prokaryotic cells are found in the cytoplasm.
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Sexual reproduction
A process by which two cells from different parents fuse, or join together, to produce the first cell of a new organism
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Cells package
________ each molecule of DNA into a structure called a chromosome- a threadlike structure that contains the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next.
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eukaryotic cells
The chromosomes in ________ form a close relationship with special proteins called histones, which help to keep long molecules of DNA organized in ________.
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G1
A cell does most of its growing during the ________ phase, increasing in size and producing new proteins and organelles
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Proteins
________ that respond to events inside the cell are called internal regulators, and they control the stages of the cell cycle.
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M phase
The ________ is a series of events that lead to the division of the cell nucleus.
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Cell division can also result in reproduction
the process by which organisms produce offspring (new organisms)
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Cells package each molecule of DNA into a structure called a chromosome
a threadlike structure that contains the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next
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The process of cell division in prokaryotes is a form of asexual reproduction called binary fission
a process that produces two genetically identical organisms
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The Eukaryotic cell cycle has four phases
G1, S, G2, and M; the period of growth between cell divisions is referred to as interphase and includes G1, S, and G2 (eukaryotic cells spend most of their time in interphase)
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Mitosis is divided into four phases
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
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Ex
In a plant, some cells carry out photosynthesis, some plant cells store sugars, and other plant cells create pathways for moving materials up and down
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The fertilized egg and the cells produced by the first few divisions are totipotent
meaning they have the ability to develop into all the tissues of the body
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Early in development, a human embryo forms into a blastocyst
a hollow ball of cells with a group of cells inside called the inner cell mass
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The cells of the inner cell mass are pluripotent
meaning they are able to develop into all the bodys cell types, but not capable of developing into the tissues surrounding the embryo
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Adult stem cells are multipotent
meaning, they have the ability to produce many, but not all, kinds of differentiated cells
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Cell division
A process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells
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Reproduction
The process by which organisms produce offspring (new organisms)
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Asexual reproduction
A a process by which a single parent reproduces by itself
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Chromosome
A threadlike structure that contains the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next
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Histones
The chromosomes in eukaryotic cells form a close relationship with special proteins called _______
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Cell cycle
A series of events a cell goes through as it grows and divides
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Interphase
A long period of the cell cycle between one cell division and the next
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Cytokinesis
The part of the eukaryotic cell cycle during which the cytoplasm divides
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Chromatid
One of two identical “sister” parts of a replicated chromosome
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Centromere
An area where two sister chromatids are attached
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External regulators
Proteins that respond to events outside the cell
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Internal regulators
Proteins that respond to events inside the cell
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Growth factor
An external regulatory protein that stimulates the growth and division of cells
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Apoptosis
A process in which a cell is programmed to die
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Cancer
A disorder in which some of the body’s own cells lose the ability to control growth
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Embryo
An organism in its early stage of development
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Totipotent
Having the ability to develop into all the tissues of the body
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Pluripotent
Able to develop into all the body’s cell types, but not capable of developing into the tissues surrounding the embryo
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Stem cell
An unspecialized cell that can give rise to one or more types of specialized cells
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Multipotent
Having the ability to produce many, but not all, kinds of differentiated cells
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Flashcard (27)