Chapter 10: Cell Growth and Division

Cytokinesis

________ is the second stage during which the cytoplasm divides.

Chromatin

A substance found in eukaryotic chromosomes that consists of DNA tightly coiled around histones

Differentiation

A process in which cells become specialized in structure and function

damage

Some cells die by accident because of ________ or injury, while other cells, such as skin cells, are "programmed "to die.

G1

Though the G in ________ and G2 stands for "gap, "both G phases are periods of growth and activity.

Cyclins

________ are a group of regulatory proteins that regulate the timing of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells.

Cytokinesis completes

________ cell division by splitting one cell into two daughter cells; this process differs between animal and plant cells.

Anaphase

________ is the third phase of mitosis

Telophase

________ is the fourth and final phase of mitosis

nuclear envelope

The ________ breaks down, and a spindle begins to form; a pair of structures called centrioles help to organize the spindle fibers.

Metaphase

________ is the second phase of mitosis

individual chromosomes

As a cell gets ready to divide, chromatin condenses, and ________ become visible inside the cell.

strand of DNA

Each ________ in a doubled chromosome is called a chromatid; sister chromatids are joined at an area called the centromere.

Mitosis

The part of the eukaryotic cell cycle during which the nucleus divides

Prophase

________ is the first phase of mitosis

Cancer treatments

________ can include surgery, radiation treatment, and chemotherapy.

spindle fibers

The chromosomes line up at the center of the cell, and ________ connect the centromere of each chromosome to the spindle.

Proteins

________ that respond to events outside the cell are called external regulators, and they can cause the cell cycle to speed up or slow down.

M phase

The "M "in the ________ stands for mitosis, the first stage during which the nucleus divides.

Growth factor

________ is an external regulatory protein that stimulates the growth and division of cells.

human embryo

Early in development, a(n) ________ forms into a blastocyst- a hollow ball of cells with a group of cells inside called the inner cell mass.

G2 phase

In the ________, a cell prepares for cell division by producing many of the needed organelles and molecules

Prokaryotic cells

________ do not have a nucleus; instead, the DNA molecules of prokaryotic cells are found in the cytoplasm.

Sexual reproduction

A process by which two cells from different parents fuse, or join together, to produce the first cell of a new organism

Cells package

________ each molecule of DNA into a structure called a chromosome- a threadlike structure that contains the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next.

eukaryotic cells

The chromosomes in ________ form a close relationship with special proteins called histones, which help to keep long molecules of DNA organized in ________.

G1

A cell does most of its growing during the ________ phase, increasing in size and producing new proteins and organelles

Proteins

________ that respond to events inside the cell are called internal regulators, and they control the stages of the cell cycle.

M phase

The ________ is a series of events that lead to the division of the cell nucleus.

Cell division can also result in reproduction

the process by which organisms produce offspring (new organisms)

Cells package each molecule of DNA into a structure called a chromosome

a threadlike structure that contains the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next

The process of cell division in prokaryotes is a form of asexual reproduction called binary fission

a process that produces two genetically identical organisms

The Eukaryotic cell cycle has four phases

G1, S, G2, and M; the period of growth between cell divisions is referred to as interphase and includes G1, S, and G2 (eukaryotic cells spend most of their time in interphase)

Mitosis is divided into four phases

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

Ex

In a plant, some cells carry out photosynthesis, some plant cells store sugars, and other plant cells create pathways for moving materials up and down

The fertilized egg and the cells produced by the first few divisions are totipotent

meaning they have the ability to develop into all the tissues of the body

Early in development, a human embryo forms into a blastocyst

a hollow ball of cells with a group of cells inside called the inner cell mass

The cells of the inner cell mass are pluripotent

meaning they are able to develop into all the bodys cell types, but not capable of developing into the tissues surrounding the embryo

Adult stem cells are multipotent

meaning, they have the ability to produce many, but not all, kinds of differentiated cells

Cell division

A process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells

Reproduction

The process by which organisms produce offspring (new organisms)

Asexual reproduction

A a process by which a single parent reproduces by itself

Chromosome

A threadlike structure that contains the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next

Histones

The chromosomes in eukaryotic cells form a close relationship with special proteins called _______

Cell cycle

A series of events a cell goes through as it grows and divides

Interphase

A long period of the cell cycle between one cell division and the next

Cytokinesis

The part of the eukaryotic cell cycle during which the cytoplasm divides

Chromatid

One of two identical “sister” parts of a replicated chromosome

Centromere

An area where two sister chromatids are attached

External regulators

Proteins that respond to events outside the cell

Internal regulators

Proteins that respond to events inside the cell

Growth factor

An external regulatory protein that stimulates the growth and division of cells

Apoptosis

A process in which a cell is programmed to die

Cancer

A disorder in which some of the body’s own cells lose the ability to control growth

Embryo

An organism in its early stage of development

Totipotent

Having the ability to develop into all the tissues of the body

Pluripotent

Able to develop into all the body’s cell types, but not capable of developing into the tissues surrounding the embryo

Stem cell

An unspecialized cell that can give rise to one or more types of specialized cells

Multipotent

Having the ability to produce many, but not all, kinds of differentiated cells