human body plan

lecture 1 - human body plan

what are the three anatomical planes?

1. horizontal (transverse) plane

2. midsaggita (median) plane

3. frontal (coronal) plane

define a plane

this is an imaginary division of a body/body part

midsagittal (median) plane

divides the body into EQUAL left and right parts

coronal

frontal plane, divides the body into posterior (front) and anterior (back) parts

transverse

horizontal plane, divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior ( lower) parts

label the plane

a - midsaggital (median)

b- horizontal (transverse)

c- coronal (frontal)

lateral

away from the mid-line

medial

close to the mid- line

proximal

how close a limb is to the trunk

distal

how far a limb is from the trunk

superior

towards the top, closer to the head

inferior

towards the bottom, the feet

anterior

towards the front

posterior

towards the back of the body

dorsal

• at the back side of the human body ( eg spine is in the dorsal side of body)

• often used to describe body cavity

ventral

• ventral is on the belly side of the human body

• eg the umbilicus( navel, belly button) is on the ventral side of the body

caudal

at the rear or tail end ( so the abdomen is caudal to the head)

cranial

at the head end

• the head is cranial to the trunk

deep

on the inside, underneath another strutcure

• muscles are deep to the skin

superficial

on the outside

• the external edge of the kidney is superficial to its internal structure

what are the four key principles of ethics

1. respect for human autonomy

2. benefience ( doing good)

3. non - maleficience ( avoiding harm )

4. justice and fairness in medical treatment

cephallic

head

deltoid

shoulder

digital / phalangeal

toes, fingers

patellar

kneecap

body cavities

• superior body cavities

  • cranial cavity - formed by cranial bones

  • vertebral cavity - formed by vertebral column

• inferior body cavities

  • thoracic : the superior cavity

  • abdominopelvic ; the inferior cavity, physcially seperated by diaphragm

superior body cavities

cranial - cranial bones

vertebral - vertebral colum

inferior body cavities

• thoracic : the superior cavity

• abdominopelvic : the inferior cavity

  • physically seperated by diaphragm

thoracic cavity

superior cavity

1. pericardial cavity

2. pleural

3. mediastinum

4. diaphragm

abdominopelvic cavity

the inferior cavity

• physically separated by diaphragm

  • abdominal cavity

  • pelvic cavity

major organ systems & their associated functions

R - reproductive system

U - urinary system includes bladder, kidney, ureter

N - nervous system includes brain and spinal chord

M - muscular system

R - respiratory system - lungs, bronchi, trachea

S - skeletal system - bones

L - lymphatic system - lymph nodes, spleen

I - integumentary system - skin, hair and nails

D - digestive system - stomach, pancrease, liver

E - endocrine system - hypothalumus, glands

C - circulatory system - heart and blood vessels

anatomic position characteristics

1. standing upright

2. palms facing forward, thumbs pointing away from body

3. feet parallel to floor

4. head level and looking forward

5. arms at side of the body

think of SAP

• standing upright

• arms at side of body

• palms facing forward

dorsal

at the back side of the human body

ventral

at the belly side of the human body

caudal

at the rear/tail end

the forearm is — to the elbow

distal

the is — to the foot

proximal

the nose is —— to the ears

medial

thumb is —— to the pinky finger

lateral

the skin is —— to the muscles

superficial

the brain is —— to the spinal chord

superior

the wrist is —— to the fingers

proximal

the stomach is — to the diaphragm

inferior

the ribs are —— to the lungs

superficial

the fingers are —— to the elbow

distal

the shoulder is —— to the hand

proximal (torso)

eyes are —— to the mouth

superior

the toes are —— to the heel

distal

the liver is ——— to intestines

superior