champs study set

a study set for champs: mostly C1 for ahead questions

Suppling excercises (Only do excercises that you can do at the walk without stirrups )

• Foot circles and ankle stretches
• Leg swings
• Poll and croup Touches
• Around the world
• Toe Touching
• Opposite toe touching
• Lying forward and sitting up
• Lying back and sitting up
• Stirrup Standing
• Airplane Exercise
• Shoulder Circles and drops
• Arm Circles
• Teeter totter exercise
• Swivel Exercise

Explain and Demonstrate Long Rein, Loose Rein, and light contact at walk

Loose Rein- there will be a slight loop in the reins Long Rein- like loose rein but have less slack and more control. Think long and low.
Light contact- you will have a light steady feel of your horses mouth through reins at all times

Discuss and demonstrate a Rein-back or step back

When backing, a pony should step backward by moving his legs in diagonal pairs. After backing, he should move forward again easily and promptly. To ask your pony to rein-back, sit up deep and tall. Your reins must be short enough to feel his mouth, and your legs must be against his sides. Give him a short squeeze or two with your legs to wake him up and make him think of moving, then squeeze your fingers on the reins to keep him from moving forward. As he begins to step backward, relax your legs and hands to let him know that he is doing the right thing. After stepping back, use your legs to make him walk forward again.

Why perform a turn on the forehand

Good to teach your horse to move away from your leg. Test of obedience. Useful when opening and closing gates.

Arena etiquette for riders at different gait

Horses should be two horse lengths apart, don't pass unless you ask first and there is plenty of room. If you pass, give the other horse plenty of room and keep your horses head turned slightly toward the horse you were passing. When cantering everyone must stay in line without passing or crowding the horse ahead. If a horse tries to pass bring him back to a trot. Announce inside/outside/diagonal. Pass left shoulder to left shoulder.

Discuss the meaning and reasons for conditioning of mount

The process of getting horse fit so that he can go longer and faster and work harder without getting tired and less likely to hurt himself.

How to condition horse for eventing

2 days of jumping. 2 days of flatwork and dressage. 2 days of fitness (hills and distance). 1 day of rest.
For example: Monday- Flat Work and Dressage
Tuesday- Jumping (gymnastics and stadium jumping)
Wednesday- Fitness Work (distance and Hill work)
Thursday- Flat Work
Friday- Jumping (school cross-country fences)
Saturday- Fitness work (gallop)
Sunday- Rest Day

Know the acceptable ranges for TPR for a mount at rest and the importance of these numbers

Temp 98.5-101.5. Average is 100. A temperature above 101.5 is considered a fever - call the vet.
Pulse 30-45 beats per minute. Heart rate can more than double in distressed or pained horses. In horses who have exercised very hard, the heart rate can increase 4-5 times the normal rate.
Respiratory 8-16 breaths per minute; the average is 12 breaths per minute. If a horse is distressed or has done physical activity, his respiration will increase 2-6 times the normal rate.

Describe how feeds are meausured and weighed

You can measure feed on a scale by using a scoop to determine how much equals 1 pound and how many pounds of each kind of grain your scoop holds. You can label your grain to remind you how much grain equals 1 pound. You can use a hanging scale to measure a flake of hay and then determine how much grain it takes to make up 5, 10 or 15 pounds. You can also measure the bale, count how many flakes are in it to determine how many flakes your horse should get

Know amount and type of feed for own mount

Describe characteristics of bad hay

Cut too early \= green in color and leafy stems.
Cut too late the stems are coarse and woody, there are fewer leaves and so much of the nutrition is lost.
Moldy or musty hay could give a horse colic and dusty hay can cause a chronic cough and permanent lung damage. Never feed horses hay that smells moldy or musty or that has white and gray patches.

Describe characteristics of good hay

Good hay smells sweet, like a newly cut lawn. The hay is good - not musty or moldy but has a little dust - you can rinse the hay for horses with breathing issues.

Describe characteristics of bad grain

Visible mold, doesn't smell good

Describe characteristics of good grain

Smells normal, no mold

Describe characteristics of good and bad pasture

Weeds, swamps, sparse grass, or coarse tough grass do not provide much nutrition - same with pastures that have been overgrazed. During the winter grass has little nutritional value and your horse could starve if they aren't given enough grain or hay. During the spring the grass grows fast and contains lots of water and higher levels of fructose, or natural sugars. This lush grass can upset a horses digestion. Overweight horses may be in danger of laminitis if they eat too much lush grass. To produce good grass, pastures may need to be seeded, fertilized, treated with lime, and cleared of weeds. Pastures may need to be rested so that the grass has time to grow back. Paddocks need to be picked every couple of days to control parasites and weeds should be cut down so that good grass can grow. If the field is too big, then it should be dragged, but left 7-10 days after dragging so parasites can die in the sun.

Describe characteristics of good and bad watering

Make sure your horses has plenty of fresh, clean water at all times. If the water is dirty or scummy, smells bad, has hay, grain, or manure in it, or if it is very cold a horse may not drink as much water as they need. The water should always be free of chemicals. WATER IS THE MOST IMPORTANT THING - MUST BE AVAILABLE.

Discuss types of bedding appropriate for our area

Shavings, pellets, rubber mats, shredded paper

What are the steps for correctly putting on a blanket

• place folded blanket over the horses neck and withers.
• fasten the the chest strap.
• Pull the blanket back over the horses hindquarters and make it straight
• fasten the front and back surcingles, and the leg straps if they are used

Types and causes of stable vices

Cribbing-boredom
Wood chewing- a pony that chews wood may have a vitamin or mineral deficiency or may lack salt. He may also chew wood if he is hungry and isn't getting enough hay, or he is just bored.
Stall kicking- they may kick their stalls if they're anxious or need to be fed, jealous of their neighbors, upset, or they may just like to make noise.
Pawing- some paw when they are excited, waiting to be fed, and some do it for attention.
Weaving- usually in nervous ponies

Describe and give reasons for three types of clipping

Strip clip- minimum clip. A strip clipped along the underside of the neck and the front of the chest and underneath his belly. The horse cools more easily but still has the majority of his winter coat
Trace clip- a partial clip. The sides of the neck, shoulders, and belly are clipped about halfway up. This removes the parts that sweat the most leaving long hair on the legs and body. A trace clipped horse may need a blanket depending on the weather and how much hair he has clipped.
Hunter clip- often used in field hunters. body, neck, and head is clipped. Long hair is left to protect the legs and in a saddle patch. Blanketing is necessary during the winter
Full clip- used on show horses includes the body, head, and legs. Warm blankets and sometimes a hood are necessary

Describe conditions which foster internal and external parasites, procedure for parasite control in pasture and stall, ways to control flies, and bot eggs.

Horses pass parasite eggs and larvae in their manure and other horses get them by eating off the ground. You can control flies by keeping stable area clean and use fly traps, especially by manure pile, using fly spray, using fly predators on manure pile and drain and refill all water containers every 5 days. Bot eggs need to be removed from the horse while grooming. You can do this by putting shampoo on it and scraping with a piece of sandpaper Styrofoam bot block or special bot knife. A good worming schedule or consistent fecal testing will help. Manure pile away from barn. Dragging large pastures and leaving them to rest for a minimum of 1 week to allow parasites to die. Picking manure up from smaller pastures.

Discuss general barn safety procedures for a barn.

Keep grain room door closed, no smoking, put up grooming tools and tack when done using them, keep hose off of ground. Hoses in front of every stall and outside the barn. Fire extinguisher. Lights protected by safety basket.

Discuss safety procedures for your barn

Water at every stall area. Rodent proof containers for grain. Helmets only. Gates. Hoses off ground. Wheelbarrows and tools kept away from barn.

Describe proper use of fire extinguisher and how to tell its charged

Pull the pin. Point hose toward the fire. Push the lever. Use a sweeping motion.
The little pressure gage is on green

Identify good and bad points of basic leg conformation (foreleg sideview)

Good conformation: a vertical line (called a plumb line) should run from the center of the shoulder blade down the middle of the leg to the fetlock joint. Half of the leg should be in front of the plumb line and have behind.
Bad: Calf knee (back-at-the-knee). Tied in Below the Knee. Knee Sprung (over at the knee). Short Steep Pastern. Long Flat Pastern. Standing Under. Camped Out In Front.

Bad Conformation - Foreleg side view - STANDING UNDER

Most of the foreleg is behind the plumb line; the leg is too far back under the horse. This puts the horse's balance too far forward.
Tends to move on forehand, front legs may be prone to stumbling.

Bad Conformation - Foreleg side view - CAMPED OUT IN FRONT

Most of the foreleg is in front of the plumb line; the leg is out in front of the horse. This puts more strain on the legs.
Extra stress on flexor tendons and heels.

Bad Conformation - Foreleg side view - OVER AT THE KNEE

The knee is always slightly bent, which puts the lower leg too far back under the horse.
If severe, may cause stumbling. Sometimes associated with contracted tendons.

Bad Conformation - Foreleg side view - BACK AT THE KNEE (CALF KNEES).

The knee has a slight backward bend, with the cannon bone slanting forward. This puts extra stress on the flexor tendons and the fetlock joins and especially on the bones of the knee (carpal bones). It may lead to bone chips or fractures of the carpal bones when the horse is worked at speed, over fences, or when he is fatigued.
Extra stress on front of knee joint and flexor tendons. Causes carpitis, carpal chip fractures.

Identify good and bad points of basic leg conformation
(foreleg front view)

Good conformation: The front legs should be parallel, not to close together or too wide apart. This lines up the bones properly so that each leg moves straight, and helps distribute the shock evenly as each foot hits the ground.
Plumb line: vertical line straight down from point of shoulder, passing through the middle of the forearm, knee, cannon bone, fetlock joint, pastern, and foot.
Bad conformation: Bench Knees. Toed-in (Pigeon Toed). Base Narrow. Base Wide. Bowed Knees. Knock Knees. Toed-Out.

Bad Conformation - Foreleg front view - BASE NARROW

Legs are closer together at the feet than they are at the chest - inside the plumb lines.
This places the feet too close together which makes it easier for the horse to INTERFERE.
Puts more weight and concussion on the outside of the feet and legs.
May cause PLAITING (rope walking), INTERFERING or STUMBLING.
More stress on the outside of the foot & leg.
May cause splints & ringbone.

Bad Conformation - Foreleg front view - BASE WIDE

The legs are wider apart at the feet than they are at the chest, outside the plumb line. This conformation often goes with a narrow chest, outside the plumb line. This conformation often goes with a narrow chest. It puts more weight and concussion on the insides of the feet and legs and may lead to ringbone.
More stress on inside of foot & leg.
May cause splints & ringbone.

Bad Conformation - Foreleg front view - KNOCK-KNEES

Knock-knees are knees that bend inward so that the knees are inside the plumb line. This puts extra stress on the knees and on the inside of the legs. Horses that are knock-kneed are prone to develop splints.
Uneven stress on splint and cannon bones and insides of feet.
Causes carpitis, splints, arthritis, ringbone.

Bad Conformation - Foreleg front view - BOWED KNEES

Bowed knees are knees that bend outward, so that the knees are outside the plumb line. This put extra stress on the knees and on the outside of the legs. They are weaker than straight legs.

Bad Conformation - Foreleg front view - BENCH KNEES (OFFSET KNEES)

Bench knees are a conformation fault in which the cannon bones do not line up exactly with the center of the knees, but are set slightly to the outside. The outside oft eh knees get better support, and there is extra weight and stress on the inside of the lower leg. This often leads to splints on the inside of the cannon bone.
Uneven stress on splint and cannon bones - causes splints and ringbone.

Bad Conformation - Foreleg front view - TOEING OUT (SPLAY FOOTED)

The toes point out instead of straight ahead. This makes the foot swing in toward the opposite leg, a condition called WINGING-IN. This may lead to interfering and may cause lameness. It also causes uneven weight and concussion on the insides of the feet and legs, which may lead to ringbone.
Winging in - possible interference - stress on inside of foot - splints, ringbone.

Bad Conformation - Foreleg front view - TOEING IN (PIGEON TOED)

The toes point INWARDS instead of straight ahead. This makes the food swing outward, which is called PADDLING. Paddling does not cause interference and is less likely to cause lameness than winging in, but it does put uneven weight and strain on the outsides of the feet and legs, which may lead to ringbone.
Paddling, stress on outside of foot - splints, ringbone.

Identify good and bad points of basic leg conformation
(hind leg side view)

The horse gets his pushing power from his hind legs. They must reach forward under the body at every stride, which provides the ground-covering pushing power.
He also uses hindquarters and hind legs to help balance himself in collected gains and whenever he stops, turns, or makes transitions.
Good conformation: The cannon bones should be vertical, and a vertical line (plumb line) from the point of the buttock should run down the back of the hock and leg down to the fetlock joint.
Bad Conformation: Post Leg. Sickle Hock. Camped Out Behind.

Bad Conformation - Hind Leg Side View - CAMPED OUT BEHIND

The hind leg is behind the plumb line from the point of the buttock.
This makes it harder for the horse to engage his hind legs (reach forward). It is weaker than a correctly set leg.
Camped out behind \=\>Horse is less able to engage hocks well under body, making colection difficult and giving less speed and power.

Bad Conformation - Hind Leg Side View - STANDING UNDER (SICKLE HOCKS)

The hock is slightly bent (it has the shape of a farmer's sickle), and the hind legs are in front of the plumb line. This conformation puts the hind legs forward, under the horse, but it puts extra stress on the hocks. Horses with sickle hocks may develop problems such as curbs, thoroughpins, bog spavins, and bone spavins.
Sickle Hocks \=\> hock is less able to extend fully; more stress on plantar ligament - causes curb.

Bad Conformation - Hind Leg Side View - LEG TOO STRAIGHT (POST LEG)

The hind leg is too straight in the hock and stifle joints; the whole leg is set in front of the plumb line from the point of the buttock. This makes it easy to swing the leg forward without bending it much. However, it puts more stress on the hind leg, especially the hock and the pastern. Straight hind legs are often seen in race horses.
Post Leg/Straight Hock \=\> Hock less able to flex and absorb shock, making collected gaits more difficult. Extra stress on hock joint. Causes bone spavin, bog spavin, thoroughpin.

Identify good and bad leg conformation
(hind leg rear view)

Good conformation:
The stifles must point out a little so that the horse can swing his hind legs forward without hitting the belly. the hocks and lower legs should be parallel and straight up and down, and the hind legs must not be too close or too wide apart.
Bad conformation: Wide Behind. Narrow Behind. Cow Hocks. Bowed Hocks.

Bad Conformation - Hind Leg Rear View - COW HOCKS

Cow hocks are hocks that point in toward each other, with the cannon bones slanting outward. This is a weakness that puts stress on the inside of the hocks and may lead to bone spavins, bog spavins, or thoroughpins.

Bad Conformation - Hind Leg Rear View - BOWED HOCKS

Bowed hocks are hocks that point outward, with the cannon bones slanting inward. They go with base-narrow conformation. Bowed hocks put extra stress on the hocks and on the outside of the foot and leg. This may lead to bog spavins and thoroughpins.

Bad Conformation - Hind Leg Rear View - TOO WIDE

Hind legs that are placed too far apart may appear straight, but they go with base-wide conformation. They make it hard for the horse to reach well forward with his hind legs, which causes short strides.

Bad Conformation - Hind Leg Rear View - TOO NARROW

Hind legs that are too close together often lack good muscle development, which makes them weaker, They make it easy for a horse to interfere, which may cause injuries and lameness.

Pasterns

Must have enough angle to absorb shock but must not be so long or so sloping that they are weak and easily injured. The front pasterns are usually a little more sloping than the hind pasterns.
Too long and sloping - long, flat pasterns are weak and easily injured. They also put more stress on the tendons, which can contribute to bowed tendons.
Too short and steep - short, upright pasterns do not absorb shock well. They cause rough gaits and transmit more concussion to the foot and the rest of the leg. May lead to concussion-related problems like ringbone, sidebone, and navicular disease.

Movement Problems

*Lameness
*Stumbling
*Paddling - horse's foot swings outward at each step. Caused by toe-in conformation. Outside splints or ringbone.
*Winging In - horse's foot swings inward at each step. Toe-in conformation causes winging in \=\> splints or ringbone.
*Interfering - striking one foot against the other during movement.
*Plaiting - rope walking. Foot placed in front of opposite leg.
*Forging - hits the heel of front foot with the toe of hind toot. Usually at the trot.
*Overreaching - when the toe of his hind foot "grabs" the heel of his front foot.

Describe five common unsoundnesses as to location and outward appearance.

Splints
Bowed tendon
Ringbone (pasterns/coffin bone)
Bone & Bog Spavin (hock)
Curb (hock)
Thoroughpin (hock)

SPLINTS

Hard lumps that appear between the splint bones and the cannon bones.
The splint bones must support some of the horse's weight, yet they do not have a bone under them for support. They are attached to the cannon bone by a small ligament, which gradually hardens as the horse matures. If the splint bone or ligament are injured or required to carry too much weight, the ligament may tear or become inflamed. This \=\> a calcium deposit (splint) develops to weld the splint bone to the cannon bone. Typically a blemish unless it causes lameness.

BOWED TENDON

Caused when a tendon is stretched too far, often because of a slip or an accident. Some of the tendon fibers are torn, & as they heal, scar tissue forms, creating a thickening or "bow" in the tendon. May be a high bow or low bow.
Calf knees, long sloping pasterns, long toes and low heels, or weak, tied-in tendons add to the likelihood of bowed tendons.

RINGBONE

Ringbone occurs in the pastern area. It is calcification or bony lump on the pastern bones. If the ringbone is away from the joints (called non-articular ringbone), the horse may go sound after a period of rest.
"High ringbone" is arthritis in the pastern joint, between the two pastern bones. Eventually the bones may fuse, or grow together, and the horse may go sound.
"Low ringbone" occurs at the coffin joint, between the end of the pastern bone and the coffin bone; it lies inside the hoof, so cannot be seen without x-rays. This it typically more serious and horse usually becomes permanently lame. Ringbone is considered an unsoundness.
Excessive concussion contributes to ringbone, and is more common in horses with very upright pasterns. Also in horses that carry extra weight on one side of the foot and leg because of crooked legs.

SIDEBONE

Sidebone occurs when the collateral cartilages of the coffin bone (shaped like wings - form the bulbs of the heel) turn to bone. Usually doesn't cause lameness. More common in large, heavy horses with big feet, especially if they have straight pasterns which cause more concussion.

BONE SPAVIN

Arthritis in the small bones of the hock. When irritated by stress or concussion, the bones of the hock may form bone spurs (calcium deposits) on the edges of the bone. Painful and cause lameness. Lower bones fuse together \= becomes sound again. When fusing is in the higher part of the joint, then the calcium deposits \=\> permanently lame.
A bone spavin usually produces a hard swelling low down on the inside of the hock joint.
Bone spavin is more common in horses that put extra strain on their hocks.
Cow hocks, bowed hocks, and very straight hocks are more prone to develop bone spavin.

BOG SPAVIN

Soft swelling on the front of the hock. Usually occurs when a horse's hocks have been under some stress, but not enough to make him lame. This causes the joint to produce too much synovial fluid, resulting in a soft swelling. After a while, the joint capsule becomes enlarged and is always full of fluid, forming a bog spavin. Usually smaller when horse is at rest, larger when worked hard.
Often seen in horses with very straight hocks or in horses with weak hock conformation that do work that is hard on their hocks. Blemish.

CURB

A curb is a sprain of the plantar ligament, which runs down the back of the hock. This causes a thickening of the ligament at the lower end of the hock joint. It is caused by extra strain on the back of the hock, and usually causes lameness. Because it is an injury to a ligament it can take a long time to heal. Once healed it is considered a blemish.
Often associate with sickle hocks or horses that stand under (hindlegs).

THOROUGHPIN

Usually caused by stress or strain on a weak hock, especially in a horse with sickle hocks. The tendon sheath produces extra fluid, which stretches it, causing a soft, cool swelling int he upper part of the hock. Like a bog spavin, it is a sign of stress but doesn't usually cause lameness.. If no lameness it is considered a blemish.

Name three to four types of teeth found in a horse's mouth

Incisors-(12) front teeth, used to tear off grass

Canine teeth, or tushes- (4) smaller, pointed teeth, found in the upper and lower jaw just behind incisors. Usually only found in male horses, but some mares have them.

Premolars and molars- (24) back teeth, used to grind food. Molars are found at the back of the jaw and premolars in the front of them. There are 12 in the upper jaw and the same in the lower jaw.

wolf teeth- (1-4) small extra premolars found in some horses, located right in front of the premolars. they may cause discomfort if the bit touches them, but they can be removed easily

5 coat colors or patterns that include white on the body

piebald
skewbald
fleabitten grey
dappled grey
overo (frame)
roan
tovero (white goes over the back)

Name one breed that excels in each one of the disciplines: racing, dressage, games, vaulting, eventing, foxhunting, hunter/jumper, endurance, driving and western

Racing- Thoroughbred
Dressage- Lipizzan
Games- Welsh
Vaulting- Belgians
Eventing- Thoroughbred
Foxhunting- Irish Sporthorse
Hunter/Jumper- American Warmblood
Endurance- Morgan
Driving-Clydesdale
Western-quarter horse

Discuss basic equipment needed for mounts safety and comfort during trailer travel.

Shipping bandages, stable bandages with bell boots, or shipping boots. Tail protection but if the horse leans against it their dock can become bruised. Head bumper. Blanket or sheet depending on the weather. Fly mask to protect debris from flying into their eyes. Breakaway halter strong enough to stay on but will break in case of an emergency.

Discuss safety precautions for riding on a trail including additional precautions during hunting season

Wear bright or reflective clothing, especially at night. Don't ride alone. Carry a cell phone with you. Make a plan of where you are riding and what trails you are riding. During hunting season make noise such as singing to your horse. Avoid riding at peak hunting times and in popular hunting areas. If you come across hunters tell them your plan and what trails you are taking

Describe how to treat minor wounds

If bleeding, press pad firmly against wound. Hose wound with gentle stream of cool water for 10 minutes to clean. Clean with saline solution or sterile/bottled water. Blot dry with sterile gauze. Apply antibiotic ointment. Apply dressing and bandage if possible, if not, check frequently to make sure it isn't dirty.

Discuss regular worming control for own mount; how and why to deworm new mounts in barn and use of fecal test.

My horse is tested for worms and he has not had any nor do any of the horses in his barn. A fecal egg count is a test done on a small manure sample by a vet to show what types of parasites the horse has and give an estimate on how many parasites are present. The type and number of parasites found determines the type of deworming program. Although his count was very low, the vet recommended that we still use Ivermectin after the first frost, then Quest a few months later.

Know healthcare schedule for own mount including dates of inoculations (tetanus, encephalimyelitis, etc) deworming, floating of teeth, shoeing.

My horse has fecal testing done annually and is given Ivermectin right after the first frost. He gets his Coggins test and his shots done in March every year, with the second round of shots being in October. He is shod all around and sees the farrier every six weeks. He has his teeth floated as needed.

Know the reason for having a Coggins test done

A Coggins test is a test for equine infectious anemia, a blood-borne viral disease that is usually spread by blood-sucking flies. The test is required for travel between states and at horse events and is performed annually. The disease is passed very quickly and could cause death.

List all the horse sports that are offered by USPC

Games, Dressage, Show Jump, Eventing, Polocrosse, Driving, Fox Hunting, Horse Management, Hunt Seat Equitation, Polo, Quiz, Tetrathalon, Vaulting, Western, Endurance

Explain to a D member the reason for a safety check, the process and any issues found during their inspection

Name 3 different uses of land in which you, or others, ride. Example farmland, fair grounds, crops, etc

Ashland Farm was crop land and still grows crops, Georgia National Fair Ground in Perry, GA, Georgia International Horse Park in Conyers was Home to Olympics and used for multiple events and public park space.
Dawson Forest, 10,000+ acres. Belongs to city of Atlanta, but considered as a state forest as it is managed by the GA State Forestry Commission.

If your region conducts an Eventing Rally, determine who owns the land where the rally is held and the total amount of acres owned.

Poplar Place Farm, was owned and operated by Donna and Gary Stegman, is located on 188 rolling acres. Just sold.

Pine Top Farm - 200 acres - Wilson Family.

Identify one place in your area previously used for equestrian activities that is no longer available

Concern for Poplar

Discuss reason for longeing

It is a way of giving a horse controlled exercise without riding him.
It exercises a horse when he cannot be ridden.
It settles down a horse that is full of energy before riding him.
It trains the horse to pay attention to voice commands and the trainer's body language.
It develops the horses rhythm balance suppleness and way of moving.
Lunging a rider on a trained horse is a way to improve the riders seat and position.

Discuss longeing equipment necessary and safety procedures

Longe line, longe whip, longe cavesson, snaffle bridal, protective boots or bandages, saddle, surcingle, side reins. To be safe when longing, longe in a safe level area, use the right equipment, make sure equipment is adjusted correctly before you start, learn to longe correctly using a trained quiet horse, before doing it on your own longe an experience horse, get help from an instructor, hold the end of the longe line in folds not loops, never coil the end of the line or wrap it around your hand, be careful when starting a horse out on the longing circle, stay out of kicking range, do not longe a horse in small circles, handle the whip quietly and use the lash and upward direction towards the horses shoulder belly or hocks, don't waive the whip around.

Discuss 5 steps in shoeing

1. Preparation - The excess growth of the horse is removed and the foot is leveled balanced and prepared for the fitting of a new or reset shoe.
2. Forging - A new shoe is made or a ready-made shoe is modified the Farrier heats the shoe in the Forge and hammers it into the shape on the Anvil. 3. Fitting -The fit of the shoe is checked. The hot shoe is held against the bottom surface of the earth for several seconds. The hot shoe leaves a mark on the hoof which tells the Farrier how well the shoe fits and whether the hoof is level.
4. Nailing on - Hot shoe is cooled in water then nailed on. The nails must be driven carefully into the white line
5. Finishing/ The clinches are flattened down with a clincher and made smooth with a rasp. Any toe or quarter clips are tapped into place. The edge of the half is smooth with the rasp to reduce the risk of cracking.

How to perform a Turn on the Forehand

To perform: halt squarely. Turn him, head towards the track/fence. His hind legs should cross over, step-by-step, making a half-circle around the inside foreleg on the side to which he is turning. The turn will be 180 degrees.
Notes: the horse should bend slightly in the direction in which he is turning. He should NOT step backward, nor hurry. There should be no resistance in the mouth or dropping of the bit. The horse must continue to accept the contact.

How to take a pulse

Facial artery under the horse's jaw. Size of a pencil. Use two fingers to find the artery and push it up against the inside of the horse's jaw bone so you can feel the pulse running through it. Digital pulse (back of fetlock joint). The artery runs toward the back of each side of the fetlock over the sesamoid bones. Like taking pulse at wrist. Put fingers gently over the area until you feel the pulse. Heart rate. Use a stethoscope. Listen on the left side, inside the elbow, just think of where the girth would rest. "Lub-dub" \= 1 beat.

Mouth

First part of the horse's digestive tract

Cannon

The long bone below the knee or hock

Chestnuts

The horny growths on the inside of the horse's legs

Croup

The part of the horse's back just in front of the base of the tail

Frog

Soft fiberous portion of the horse's hoof

Trachea

The main tube of the horse's respiratory system

Floating

Filing down of the rough surface of the molars to give a smooth grinding surface

Hand

The unit of measure used to measure a horse's height, equals 4 inches

Iris

The colored portion of the horse's eye that adjusts to control the amount of light entering

Laminae

The horny grooved inside of the hoof, connects the coffin bone to the hoof wall

Glass eye

An eye without pigment, often present in horses with white faces

Smooth mouth

Term for the biting surface of the upper and lower incisors after the cups have disappeared at 12 yrs of age or older

Dental Star

A star shaped or circle like structure near the center of the wearing surface of the permanent incisors

Full Mouth

Term for when a horse has all its permanent teeth

Monogastric

Termfor any animal having only one stomach

Monocular vision

The term for the ability to see separate objects with each eye at the same time

Optic nerve

The large nerve behind the eye

Haw

The third eyelid or membrane in front of the eye which removes foreign bodies from the eye

Sebum

A oily, waxy secretion that coats the hair protecting it from overwetting, adds sleekness and luster to the coat

Ligaments

What holds bones together

Tendons

How are muscles attached to bones

Femur

What is the name of the bone located between the hip and stifle joints

Rangy

Term for a horse that is lean, muscular, and of slight build

Anatomy

The science and study of the structure of the animal body in relation to its parts