cardiovascular system TEAS

The Hearts 4 chambers:

right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle

The ____ separates the right and left sides, it separates oxygenated vs deoxygenated blood

Septum

The outermost layer of the heart

Epicardium

The middle layer of the heart, the contracting muscle of the heart

Myocardium

The innermost layer of the heart, lines the inner chambers, and the valves

Endocardium

Two ____ ____ close to impede the backward flow of blood into the atria during ventricular contraction. These valves prevent the regurgitation of blood

Atrioventricular valves

The ____ valve is right side of the heart

Tricuspid

The ____ valve is on the left side of the heart

Bicuspid/Mitral

Two ___ ___ close to impede the backward flow of blood into the ventricles during relaxation.

Semilunar valves

Between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery

Pulmonic valve

Between the left ventricle and the aorta

Aortic valve

The outer layer of the pericardium that forms a tough protective sac around the heart, anchoring it in place.

Parietal Pericardium

The inner layer that sits directly on the heart's surface, providing lubrication and protection as the heart beats

Visceral Pericardium (Epicardium)

If the pH level in the body becomes too high (alkaline), it is referred to as

alkalosis.

If the pH level becomes too low (acidic), it is known as

acidosis

The liquid portion of blood (about 55%) is made mostly of water, with dissolved salts, lipids, and proteins. Important proteins include fibrinogen, which helps with clotting.

Plasma

Carry oxygen to tissues using hemoglobin. Their main role is oxygen transport to tissues, and they also support healthy hemoglobin levels in the body

Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)

The oxygen-binding protein inside red blood cells that gives blood its red color. Each molecule carries 4 oxygen molecules from the lungs to the tissues and returns carbon dioxide to the lungs.

Hemoglobin

Defend the body against infection and disease; part of the immune system.

White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)

Cell fragments that initiate clotting to stop bleeding and repair vessels.

Platelets (Thrombocytes)

Memory Tip: ENDOCARDIUM is the Innermost Layer of the Heart. Smooth, frictionless surface for blood flow and prevent clot formation "Endo" means

"within"

Memory Tip: MYOCARDIUM is the Middle Layer of the Heart. Thick, muscular layer responsible for contraction (pumping) of the heart "Myo" means

"Muscle"

Memory Tip: EPICARDIUM is the Outermost Layer of the Heart. Provides lubrication and protection of the heart, contains blood vessels and nerves. "Epi" means

"On Top Of"

Memory Tip: PERICARDIAL FLUID/CAVITY: Fluid between Parietal and Visceral layers Reduces friction during cardiac activity

"Fluid is friction free"

Memory Tip: SEROUS PERICARDIUM: Innermost Layer covers Heart Muscle, Provides lubrication to reduce friction during heart movements

"Serous is so close"

Memory Tip: PARIETAL/FIBROUS PERICARDIUM: Outermost Layer of the Pericardium. Tough, fibrous sac around the heart - physical protection and anchors heart within chest cavity

"Parietal Protects"

Blood flow of deoxygenated blood to lungs

Superior Vena Cava/Inferior Vena Cava, Right Atrium Tricuspid Valve, Right Ventricle Pulmonic Valve, Pulmonary Artery, Lungs

Blood flow of oxygenated blood to tissues

Lungs, Pulmonary, Vein, Left Atrium, Bicuspid/Mitral Valve Left Ventricle, Aortic Valve, Aorta

Oxygenated Blood Flow From Heart

(To cells, Oxygen and nutrients): ARTERY, Arteriole, CAPILLARIES (delivered to organs)

Deoxygenated blood flow to heart

(From cells, waste and Carbon Dioxide): (delivered to organs) CAPILLARIES, Venule, VEIN

ARTERIES

Transport oxygen-rich blood to the tissues

AORTA

"Arteries Oxygenate and Reach Tissues Alive."

VEINS

Return deoxygenated blood back to the heart "VERB: Veins Efficiently Return Blood."

CORONARY CIRCULATION

A network of arteries and veins that supplies the heart muscle itself with oxygen and nutrients.

If a myocardial infarction (MI/heart attack) occurs,

blood flow in this coronary circulation is blocked, depriving heart tissue of oxygen and leading to damage.

Systole corresponds to the heart's

Contraction

Diastole represents its

Relaxation

Heart Sound: "Lub" sound from AV Valves closing

SYSTOLE, The atria and ventricles contract propelling blood forward

Heart Sound: "Dub" sound from the SL valves

DIASTOLE, Atria and ventricles relax and expand after contraction allowing them to fill with blood

SA node (sinoatrial node)

Primary pacemaker of the heart, 60-100 bpm.

Memory Tip: Strong =

SA Node, primary pacemaker, located near the right Atrium near the entrance of the superior vena cava

Secondary pacemaker

AV node (40-60 bpm) (If SA node fails)

Memory Tip: Arteries

AV node, secondary pacemaker, located Lower part of the right atrium, close to the atrioventricular septum.

The primary pacemaker functions by

generating electrical impulses that spread across both atria, causing them to contract and push blood into the ventricles.

The secondary pacemaker functions by

Receiving impulses from the SA node and provides a delay, allowing time for the ventricles to fill with blood before they contract

Bundle of HIS and Bundle Branches

fibers carrying impulse down septum between right and left ventricles

The Bundle of HIS Bundle Branches functions by

Conducting the electrical impulse from the AV node to the left and right bundle branches, which run along the interventricular septum

Memory Tip: Bundle of HIS and Bundle Branches

Benefits bodys

Purkinje Fibers

Last Ditch pacemaker, 20-40 bpm (if SA and AV Nodes Fail)

Purkinje fibers function by

Distributing the electrical impulse throughout the ventricles, causing them to contract almost simultaneously for efficient blood ejection, Extend from the left

and right bundle branches into

the ventricular myocardium

Memory Tip: Purkinje Fibers

Performance

Blood typing

A method of classifying blood based on the presence or absence of specific antigens (proteins or carbohydrates) on the surface of a red blood cell

ABO System

A system of four types (A, AB, B, and O) which human blood is classified into, based on the presence or absence of certain antigens.

RH System

The presence or absence of the RH(D) antigen on red blood cells

Blood Typing Process

Determined by the presence or absence of specific antigens (A, B) on the surface of red blood cells, along with the Rh factor (+ or -)

Agglutination

Occurs when mismatched blood types are mixed—antibodies in the plasma attack foreign antigens, causing clumping of red blood cells