Receptors

Week 3: Tuesday, September 9th - Thursday, September 11th

these receptors are inside the cell; non-polar (fat soluble) hormones bind here

intracellular receptors 

these receptors are on the membrane and always need secondary messengers; polar hormones (water soluble) bind here

transmembrane receptors

this process is involved in transmembrane receptors and consists of the conversion of hormone mesage into cellular respinse by cahnging cell biochemistry

signal transduction 

these receptors are transmembrane and open or close channels (sodium-potassium pump)

ionotropic receptors

true or false: in the ECF, there are a lot of sodium ions, but in the ICF, there are a lot of potassium ions (both cations)

true

true or false: in the ECF, there are a lot of hydrogen phosphate ions (HPO₄^2-), but in the ICF, there are a lot of calcium ions (both anions)

false. in the ECF, there are a lot of calcium ions, but in the ICF, there are a lot of hydrogen phosphate ions (HPO₄^2-)

these receptors can be intracellular or transmembrane (with or without enzymes), and initiate signaling mathways within the cell

metabotropic receptors

these receptors have enzymes in side (guanylyl cyclase, insulin)

intrinsic enzyme transmembrane receptors

these receptors have enzymes attached (g-protein)

enzyme-coupled transmembrane receptors

true or false: receptors are proteins/glycoproteins, located in the membrane, cytosol, or nucleus, and are categorized base don their derived-from gene

true

the _______ is where the hormone binds to the receptor

binding site

the _______ is where the response is created on a receptor

transducing domain

true or false: fat soluble steroids binding to intracellular receptors results in enzyme production/changes in enzyme production rate

false. fat soluble steroids binding to intracellular receptors results in protein production/changes in protein production rate

true or false: adding a phosphate to a steroid hormone activates it

true

_______ activates proteins, and _______ deactivates them

kinase, phosphokinase

intracellular receptors are _______. if they’re separated, they dont’t work

dimers

receptor conformation changes stimulates the complex to bind to _______ on DNA, which are specific sequences that stimulate/repress activity of transcription factors

hormone receptor elements (HREs)

true or false: thyroid/vitamin D hormones are permanently detached to HREs on DNA, regardless if the hormone is present.

true

For thyroid/vitamin D hormone receptors, nuclear proteins attache to receptors to prevent DNA damage because _______

ligands are absent

For thyroid/vitamin D hormone receptors, nuclear proteins which with other proteins so silent genes are expressed because _______

ligands are present 

For thyroid/vitamin D hormone receptors, hormones dissociate from the receptor, are inactivated, then diffuse into ECF because_______

hormone levels declined

_______ initiate signaling pathways that changes gene expression or cell bio chemistry

secondary messengers

_______ receptors have single proteins germs and seven stretches of 25 amino acids

G-protein

G-protein subunits are _______, _______, and _______; all bind to and activate ion channels

alpha, beta, and gamma 

G_as proteins stimulate _______ to catalyze ATP → cAMP

adenylyl cyclase

G_ai proteins _______ adenylyl cyclase

inhibit

G_aq stimulates _______

phospholipase C

G_a12 binds to _______ nucleotide exchangee factors

guanine

G-protein alpha subunit is GTPase, and catalyzes _______ to make _______

guanosine diphosphate (GDP) to guanosine triphosphase (GTP)

_______ is a G-protein second messenger that activates protein kinase A (PKA)

cyclic AMP (cAMP)

_______ and _______ are G-protein second messengers that activate protein kinase C (PKC) and calcium

DAG and IP3

_______ is a G-protein second messenger that activates cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase so guanylyl cyclase converts GTP → GMP

cyclic GMP

_______ are G-protein second messengers that activate calmodulin kinase

calcium-calmodulin

true or false: kinases activate enzymes/ion channels/transcription factors and add a phosphate group (PO_4^3-) to proteins for biochemical reactions/protein synthesis

true

_______ is one of the major ways growth factors communicate with cells

tyrosine kinase signaling

true or false: during tyrosine kinase signaling, receptors gain phosphorus from proteins to add to tyrosine that binds to them

false. during tyrosine kinase signaling, receptors autophosphorylize their own tyrosine 

_______ is a special type of tyrosine kinase signaling used mostly by cytokines

JAK/STAT pathway 

true or false: Janus kinase are a type of proteins that phosphorylate the dimer receptors cytokine binds to

true

true or false: signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) are phosphorylated by JAKS, dimerize, then move into the nucleus to turn on gene transcription

true