Endocrine Glands and Functions

These flashcards cover key concepts related to the structure, functions, and disorders of various endocrine glands and hormones as discussed in the lecture.

What is the main function of the endocrine system?

The endocrine system is responsible for the synthesis, storage, and secretion of hormones that coordinate physiological responses in the body.

What does the word 'endocrine' mean?

The term 'endocrine' means 'to secrete internally,' referring to glands that release hormones directly into the bloodstream.

Name one key distinguishing feature of endocrine glands.

Endocrine glands are ductless and release hormones into the bloodstream.

What are the major hormones produced by the adrenal cortex?

Cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens.

What is the primary function of insulin?

Insulin lowers blood glucose levels by promoting glucose uptake and storage.

What condition is associated with an excess of growth hormone in children?

Gigantism.

How do paracrine hormones differ from endocrine hormones?

Paracrine hormones act on nearby cells without entering the bloodstream, whereas endocrine hormones are released into the bloodstream to act on distant target organs.

Which hormones are produced by the posterior pituitary gland?

ADH (Vasopressin) and Oxytocin.

What is the role of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?

The hypothalamus links the nervous and endocrine systems and regulates the secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland.

Define the term 'autocrine' in the context of hormonal signaling.

Autocrine signaling occurs when hormones act on the same cells that produce them.

What hormone is associated with the fight-or-flight response?

Adrenaline (Epinephrine).

What gland produces calcitonin, and what is its function?

The thyroid gland produces calcitonin, which lowers blood calcium levels.

What hormone is primarily responsible for maintaining the corpus luteum during early pregnancy?

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG).

What are the effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

PTH increases blood calcium levels by promoting bone resorption and increasing calcium reabsorption in the kidneys.

What is the primary function of the gonads?

The gonads produce hormones essential for reproduction and the development of secondary sex characteristics.

List one disorder associated with hyperfunction of the thyroid gland.

Hyperthyroidism.

What role does cortisol play in the body?

Cortisol regulates metabolism, the immune response, and helps the body respond to stress.