APES Unit 4: Ch. 9 & 10

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Agriculture

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practice of raising crops & livestock for human use & consumption

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Crop land

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land use to raise plants for human & animal use

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80 Terms

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Agriculture

practice of raising crops & livestock for human use & consumption

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Crop land

land use to raise plants for human & animal use

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Rangeland or pasture

land use for grazing livestock

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Soil

a complex plant-supporting system

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Soil degradation

a decline in quality & productivity

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Industrialized agriculture

uses large-scale mechanization & fossil fuels to boost yields

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monoculture

uniform planting of a single crop

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Green revolution

new technology, crop varieties & farming practices were introduced to developing countries

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Parent material

the base geological material of soil

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bedrock

solid rock comprising the Earth's crust

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Weathering

processes that form soil

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humas

spongy, fertile material formed by partial decomposition of organic matter

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Physical weathering

wind, rain thermal expansion & contraction, water freezing

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Chemical weathering

water & gasses

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Biological weathering

tree roots & lichens

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horizon

each layer of soil

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Soil profile

the cross-section of soil as a whole

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leaching

dissolved particles move down through horizons

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topsoil

inorganic & organic material most nutritious for plants

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Soil color

indicates its composition & fertility

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Soil texture

determined by size of particles

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Loam

solid with a mixture of the three; clay, silt, and clay

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Soil structure

a measure of soils “clumpiness”

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Soil PH

affects a soils ability to support plant growth

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Cation exchange

process that allows plants to gain nutrients

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Cation exchange capacity

a soils ability to hold cation

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Swidden agriculture

traditional used in tropical areas

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Land degradation

a general deterioration of land, decreasing its product, & biodiversity

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erosion

removal of material from one place to another

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deposition

arrival of eroded material at a new location

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desertification

a loss of more than 10% productivity

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Dust bowl

1930s drought & erosion caused “black blizzards” of sand

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Conservation districits

operate with federal direction, authorization, & funding

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Natural resources conservation services

also includes water quality protection & pollution control

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Agriculture extension agents

agency or university experts who advise & help farmers

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Crop rotation

growing different crops from one year to the next

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Contour farming

plowing perpendicular across a hill

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terracing

platforms cut into steep hillsides

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intercropping

planting different crops in alternating band

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shelterbelts

rows of trees planted along edges of fields

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Conservation tillage

reduces the amount of tilling

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no-till

farming disturbs the soil even less

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irrigation

artificially providing water to support agriculture

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waterlogging

over irrigated soils

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salinization

the buildup of salts in the surface soil layers

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fertilizers

substances containing essential nutrients

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Inorganic fertilizers

mined or synthetically manufactured mineral supplements

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Organic fertilizers

the remains or waste of organisms

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compost

produced when decomposers break down organic matter

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undernutrition

people receive fewer calories than their minimum requirements

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Food security

guarantee of an adequate, safe, nutritious & reliable food supply

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overnutrition

receiving too many calories each day

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malnutrition

a shortage of nutrients the body needs

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kwashiorkor

diet lacks protein or essential amino acids

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marasmus

protein deficiency & insufficient calories

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monoculture

large expanse of a single crop

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biofuels

are derived from organic materials

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ethanol

a biofuel deprived from corn

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pest

any organism that damages valuable crops

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weed

any plant that competes with crops

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pesticides

poisons that target pest organisms

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insecticides

kill insects

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herbicides

kill plants

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fungicides

kill fungi

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Seed banks

institutions that preserve seed types as living museums of genetic diversity

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Pesticide treadmill

chemists increase chemical toxicity to compete with resistant pests

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biotechnology

the application of biological science to create products derived from organisms

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Transgenic organism

an organism that contains DNA from another species

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transgene

the genes that have moved between organisms

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Traditional breeding

changes organisms through selective breeding of the same or similar species

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Genetic engineering

mixes genes of different species

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Precautionary principle

don't undertake a new action until the effects of that action are understood

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Feedlots (factory farms)

also called concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs); Huge warehouses or pens deliver food to animals living at extremely high densities

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Air pollution

odors, ammonia (acid rain)

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aquaculture

raising aquatic organisms in a controlled environment

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Sustainable agriculture

does not deplete soil, pollute water, or decrease genetic diversity

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Low-input agriculture

uses smaller amounts of pesticides, fertilizers, growth hormones, water, & fossil fuels than industrial agriculture

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Organic agriculture

uses no synthetic fertilizers, insecticides, fungicides, or herbicides

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Farmer’s markets

provide fresh, locally grown food

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Community-supported agriculture (CSA)

Consumers pay farmers in advance, Consumers get fresh food, Farmers get a guaranteed income