`ITALY DS3: The Creation of the Kingdom of Italy ( 1856 - 61 )

Timeline of events so far

1820/30s - Revolutions crushed by Klemmens Von Metternich

1848 - Mass revolution and first war - Lost to Radetzky, Roman Republic, Daniele Manin in Venice, April 1848 Papal Allocution

Causes of the War ( 1859 )

The National Society ( 1857 )

• 1857: founded by political exiles living in Piedmont (Daniele Manin)

• Promotes northern nationalism

• Il Piccolo Corriere d’italia newspaper

• contrasted the revolutionary and violent tactics associated with Mazzini

Relations with Louis Napoleon

• Napoleon had dynastic interest

• Wanted to expand French Influence into Nice and Savoy

• Louis Napoleon was unwavering in his commitment to the Pope

• Crimean War ( 1855 ): Grateful to Piedmont

Orsini Affair ( 1858 )

• Orsini’s letter invited Louis Napoleon into Italy

• 7 Dead, 100 Injured

The Pact of Plombieres ( July 1858 )

• France to join Piedmont in a war against Austria

• ONLY if Austria is the aggressor

• Nice and Savoy given in exchange for 200k troops

• Prince Jerome to marry Princess Clotilde

Events of the Second War (1859-60)

The Pact of Plombieres (July 1858) / Declaration of War (April 1859) / French Intervention (May 1859) / Battle of Magenta (4th June 1859) / Battle of Solferino (24th June 1859)

The Pact of Plombieres ( July 1858 )

France promised 200,000 troops in exchange for Nice and Savoy. Princess Clotilde to marry Prince Jerome

Declaration of War ( April 1859 )

December 1858: Victor Emmanuel’s speech at parliament purposely provocative

March 1859: Cavour mobilises Piedmontese Army

April 1859: Austrian ultimatum refused by Piedmont

French Intervention ( May 1859 )

May 1859: Napoleon III adheres to 1858 Pact of Plombieres and sends 200k troops

Battle of Magenta ( 4th June 1859 )

1 Doctor per 500 troops, 8-9000 casualties

Battle of Solferino ( 24th June 1859 )

35,000 casualties, causes Henri Durant to found Red Cross

Consequences of the Second War ( 1859-60 )

Villafranca ( July 1859 ), Treaty of Zurich ( November 1859 ), Annexation of Central Duchies ( 1860 )

Villafranca Agreement ( July 1859 )

Napoleon makes peace with Austria behind Cavour’s back. Lombardy ceded to Piedmont

Treaty of Zurich ( November 1859 )

Formal Peace deal between France, Piedmont and Austria

Annexation of the Central Duchies ( 1860 )

Plebiscites held in the Central Duchies - Tuscany, Parma, Modena

• voted 90-95% to join the Kingdom of Piedmont

Garibaldi’s invasion of the South (1860)

Marsala ( 11th May 1860 ), Palermo ( 26th May 1860 ), Mainland Naples ( 6th September ), Meeting at Teano ( October 1860 )

Marsala ( 11th May 1860 )

Marched towards Palermo with an army of 3750 Mille

Palermo ( 26th May 1860 )

3750 Mille VS 20,000 Bourbons

2nd June: Armistice Signed and Sicily exchanged

Francesco Crispi appointed and abolished Macinato

Cavour sends La Farina to annex Sicily and he fails

Mainland Naples ( 6th September )

Cavour sends Admiral Persano to take Naples before Garibaldi

6th September: Francesco II flees

Garibaldi welcomed by crowds of people

7th September: Bourbon capital falls

Cavour now worried Garibaldi will continue to Rome

• Sends La Marmora and 30,000 men to Umbria and Marches

Teano ( October 1860 )

Garibaldi hands over the South to Victor Emmanuel and offered viceroy of the south. States, “I have only one king; the king of Italy”