EMD EXAM REVIEW GUIDE (With Page Numbers)

Abandonment (1-33)

Is when you leave a patient who is known to be in a life-threatening condition before someone else with Equal or higher medical training can take over. with patients condition worsening as a result

Principle of Reasonableness (1-33)

What a reasonable person would do when faced with the same or similar situation

Emergency Rule (1-34)

One who is faced in an emergency cannot be help to the same standard of conduct that s/he otherwise be held when not faced with such a situation

(you cant be expected to be act the same as you would if the emergency situation was not there)

Foreseeability (1-34)

Must Solely rely on information given by callers. If on-scene findings are different (more serious) than those reported by caller, you are not liable.

Detrimental Reliance

Happens when an action or service does not happen that a person claims was reasonable to rely on the agency to perform or provide, resulting an injury or worsening of a patients condition

Damages

a sum of money paid in compensation for loss or injury

2 types of damages

Compensatory - repaying plaintiff

Punitive - used to punish defendant

Consent

Permission to treat the sick or injured

2 types of Consent

Implied Consent - patient is unresponsive and is in need of help

Actual Consent - given through direct communication (verbal/non-verbal)

2 types of Immunity (1-35)

Good Samaritan laws & Governmental

Good Samaritan Laws provide immunity when.... (1-35)

- Person acts in good faith

- Person acts in an emergency

Proximate Cause (1-31)

Action/Inaction taken by EMD causes Injury to patient

Purpose of Musculoskeletal System (1-56)

-Support & movement of body

-Protection of Vital organs

- Responsible for making/destroying blood cells

-Storing Minerals that your body needs

Seven Systems of the Body (1-45)

1. Nervous system

2. Circulatory system

3. Respiratory system

4. Digestive system

5. Musculoskeletal system

6. Genito-urinary system

7. Skin

Two Parts of Central Nervous System (1-46)

Brain and Spinal cord

2 types of Nerves in Peripheral nervous system (1-46)

Motor and Sensory

3 Components of the Musculoskeletal system (1-57)

- Ligaments

- Tendons

- Muscles

Name the parts of the Hand

carpel, metacarpals, phalanges

3 types of Muscles (1-58)

- Voluntary

- Involuntary

- Cardiac

What is the Lower extremity made of (1-58)

- Upper leg

- Lower Leg

- Foot

3 subsystems of the nervous system

Central, peripheral, autonomic

What does the Autonomic Nervous system Control? (Name 3) (1-47)

Automatic bodily Processes

- Eye Dilation

- Heartbeat

- Bronchial Diameter

List/ Identify Things an EMD CANNOT reveal

- Patients Name

- Patients Lifestyle

- Infectious Diseases

- What was said in conversation with caller (unless pertains to medical condition)

- Unusual Behaviors (unless danger to responders and attributes to medical conditions)

- Knowledge of patients HIV status

Name the Parts of the upper Arm (upper extremity) (1-57)

- Shoulder Girdle

- Humerus (upper arm)

- Forearm

- Hand

Liability

You are ultimately responsible for your actions

Types of Shock (1-72)

Cardiogenic

Hemorrhagic

psychogenic

Hypovolemic

Neurogenic

Anaphylactic

Septic

What is meant by breach of Duty

Failure to perform your duty as established by your local standard of care

Two Types of Negligence

- Simple negligence - negligent conduct that was not purposeful or due to "malicious intent"

- Gross negligence - a negligent action that was undertaken with malicious intent and with willful disregard for the safety of persons and/or property

Define Implied Consent

the assumption that an unconscious victim would give permission to treat them if he or she were conscious.

Major Parts of the circulatory system

heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, blood

APPRX how many liters of blood does a person have

5-6 Liters

5 questions of the interrogation procedures

Where, What , How , Who and When

When does the Duty to Act Relationship Begin

As soon as the caller requests assistance

Describe the "emergency rule"

it means that someone who is acting in an emergency situation cannot be held to the same standard of conduct as someone not in that situation

describe strategies used by individuals to avoid Liability (1-42)

- Avoid inappropriate behaviors

- Participate in QA/QI programs

- Get certified as EMD

- Follow local Policies & procedures

- Report problems and situations as soon as possible and in writing

List Strategies used by Agencies to avoid Liability (1-40)

- good hiring/screening procedures

- Well-organized, written EMD programs

- Regular/objective Progress reports for probationary personnel

- clearly written job descriptions

- Regular review/update of policies and procedures

- Proper EMD training and certification

- appropriate implementation of EMD program

- Adequate EMD program management

.... and more

5 CHARACTERISTICS of a successful EMD

- helpful/compassionate

- handles stress

- Masters skills of EMD

- Effectively gathers Information

- assists responders in locating patients

- Determines nature of medical situation without diagnosing

- Reacts passively to hostile callers

- Maintains confidentiality

3 Phases of Dispatch Function

Call receiving, Dispatch, Post-Dispatch

Tiered EMS structure

1) First responders

2) BLS

3) ALS

4) Aeromedical

ATRIBUTES/BEHAVIORS EMDs should be concerned about ( 1-38)

- Failure to send EMS resources when requested

- subjective judgement of caller credibility

- subjective judgement of validity of callers chief complaint

- argumentative/ combative attitude (EMD behavior)

- allowing prejudice to affect objective decision making

- giving medical instructions without using EMPDRS

- failure to train and be certified as EMD

- Not giving instructions when they are needed, and there is protocol for it

Name the methods used to establish a standard of Care

- EMD's behavior and conduct is judged in comparison to others with similar training/experience

- EMD behavior and conduct is judged in comparison to locally approved protocols and guidelines

- EMDs behavior in comparison to local or state statues, law ordinances, case law or administrative orders

- EMDs behavior is judged in comparison to professional standards

INAPPROPRIATE CONCERNS that are common to EMD

- EMDs should be certified as CPR instructors

- EMDs should have advance medical training

- EMDs should relay confidential information to responding personnel

- EMDs should fear being sued for giving medical instructions

- EMDs should fear telling callers "ambulance is on the way"

Name criteria courts use to establish negligence

Duty to perform, breach of duty, proximate cause, Damages/Injury

Describe what happens during the call receiving Phase (1-17)

- Call taking

- engages caller in "initial survey" (where,what, how.....)

- Goes to EMDPRS protocol for further info

Describe what happens during the Dispatch Phase (1-17)

- EMD goes to proper protocol

- protocols give proper response mode

- EMD dispatches proper responding personnel

Describe what happens during the Post-Dispatch Phase (1-18)

- EMD prepares caller for responding personnel

- EMD provides medical instructions as directed by EMDPRS

Who generally is the primary defendant in court cases involving Negligence?

Agencies

The EMD uses the ______ to provide pre-arrival instructions to callers that prepare them for the responders' arrival

EMDPRS

How many lobes in the Left and Right of the Lung

Left: 2

Right: 3

Parts of the Lung

lung, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli

Shock (1-68)

"the silent killer" Inadequate tissue perfusion

Symptoms of Shock

-sense of impending doom

-weakness

-nausea

-dizziness

-coolness to their skin

-restlessness/anxiety

Identified by victim (1-69)

Symptoms

Identified by caller (NOT Victim)

Signs

Signs of Shock (1-70)

-pale/cool/moist skin

- shallow/rapid breathing

- lackluster eyes/dilated eyes

- decreasing consciousness

- fluid loss

- weak/"thready" pulse

- Steady blood pressure drop

Why are EMDs rarely found to be negligent

Because they are trained according to the standards of care established for that community, which are set up to protect others against unreasonable risk or harm

Describe what a Hot and Cold response is

Hot - Lights and Sirens

Cold - No Lights and Sirens

Who can be held liable?

Agencies & EMDs

Parts of Digestive system (1-56)

- Mouth

- Throat

- Esophagus

- Stomach

- Small Intestine

- large Intestine

- Liver

- Gall bladder

- pancreas

- Appendix

- Spleen

- Rectum

- Anus

Connects Muscles to bone

Tendons

Connects Bone to Bone (1-58)

Ligament

Parts of the Skin (1-63)

Dermis, Epidermis

Parts of the respiratory system

- Nose,

- Pharynx

- larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

Parts of the Genito-Urinary System (1-60)

- Kidneys

- Ureters

- Bladder

-Urethra

- Female Reproductive system

- Male reproductive system

Levels of Consciousness (1-66)

- Alert

- verbal

- Pain

- Unresponsive

Parts of female reproductive system (1-60)

ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina

Parts of the Male Reproductive system

Prostate, testes, scrotum, and penis

Parts of the LOWER EXTREMITY (1-58)

- upper leg

- lower leg

- foot

Bones of the foot (1-58)

tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

what Muscle controls walking?

Voluntary Muscles

What muscle controls Blood vessels & Diaphram?

Involuntary Muscles

What muscle makes the heart PUMP (1-58)

Cardiac Muscles

Duty

The Responsibility to act or perform according to established standards of care

DOA

Dead on Arrival

Hysteria Threshold (2-14)

the callers emotional stats that prevents them from being focused in the interrogation process

Calming Techniques (2-15)

- Repetitive Persistence

- EMDPRS protocols and questions

- Professional dispatch skills/demeanor

- Calm Voice/ Acting Calm

FOUR Interpersonal qualities YOU should display in EVERY call (2-7)

-Be polite

- Be Calm

- Be Firm

- Be Clear

Primary RESPONSIBILITIES of EMD (2-6)

- Maintaining contact with callers

- Dispatching appropriate resources

- Calming callers and maintaining control of conversation

- Determining if emergency Instruction is required