STS Prelims

From Lesson 1 to 5

Sustainability

• Using resources in a way that meets our needs today without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

• Involves making choices that minimize negative impacts on the environment and support long-term economic well-being.

STS

• Interactions between science and technology and social, cultural, political, and economic contexts which shape and are shaped by them.

• It is prominent in the school science curriculum.

Global Citizenship

• A sense of belonging to a broader community, beyond national boundaries, that emphasizes our common humanity and draws on the interconnectedness between the local and the global, the national and the international.

Global Citizenship Education

• Has four parts:

  • Learning to know

  • Learning to do

  • Learning to be

  • Learning to live

Sustainable Development Goals

• A shared blueprint for peace and prosperity for people and the planet.

• An urgent call for action by all countries (developed and developing) in a global partnership.

Social Darwinism

• Draws on Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection and applies to human societies and cultures.

• Built upon the idea of “survival of the fittest.”

Natural Selection

• Those that have advantageous traits are more likely to survive and pass on their genes, leading to the adaptation of species over time.

Social Exchange Theory

• A psychological theory that attempts to explain the social factors that influence how individuals interact within a reciprocal relationship.

• Built upon the idea of “give and take” where people want to make sure they get enough good stuff while also making sure the other person gets good stuff too.

Utang na Loob Culture

• If someone does a favor or provides assistance, the recipient is obliged to reciprocate in some way, either through favors or actions that demonstrate gratitude.

Pasalubong Culture

• Bringing gifts or souvenirs when returning from a trip which is often accompanied by the expectation that the recipient will do the same when they travel in the future.

Tragedy of the Commons

• Illustrates how shared resources, when managed collectively by individuals who act in their self-interest, can become depleted or degraded over time, leading to a negative outcome for everyone.

• We need to regulate our resources.

Garret Hardin

• Who used the Tragedy of the Commons for the first time?

Laudato Si’

• An encyclical letter

• Focuses on the environment, ecology, and the need for responsible stewardship of the planet.

• Addresses issues such as climate change, pollution, loss of biodiversity, and the interconnectedness of environmental, social, and economic concerns.

Pope Francis

• Who wrote Laudato Si’?

May 24, 2015

• When was Laudato Si’ released?

Praise be to you

• What does Laudato Si’ translate to?

Saint Francis of Assisi

• The term Laudato Si’ comes from the opening line of a medieval Italian prayer by?

Emergence of Technology

• It makes difficult and complicated tasks easier.

• Developments in this field are not just products of one time thought process.

The Human Origins

• 6 to 2 MYA

• The Human Revolution refers to the remarkable and sudden emergence of language, consciousness, and culture in our species, Homo sapiens sapiens.

Stone Age

• Historians call the early period of human history as the?

Paleolithic Age

• 2.5 MYA to 8000 BC

• The earliest part of this age was the Old Stone Age.

Paleolithic People

• Nomadic group of people.

• Traveled in groups, or bands, of about 20 or 30 members.

Paleo Diet

• (caveman diet) — Heavy on protein and low in carbs.

Equity

• Some scientists believe that __ existed between Paleolithic men and women.

First Families

• This means that a man and a woman worked together to find food for themselves and their children thus the emergence of the __

Flint

• Paleo people made devices from a hard stone called __Hard, sedimentary crystalline form of the mineral quartz.

• Paleolithic people learned that by hitting __ with another hard stone, the _ would flake into pieces.

Smaller and sharper tools

• By the end of the Paleolithic Age, people were making __

• They crafted needles from animal bones to make nets and baskets and to sew hides together for clothing.

Complex Tools

• Over time, Paleolithic people made better, more __

• Spears, bows, and arrows made killing large animals easier.

• Spears and fish hooks increased the number of fish caught.

First Use of Fire

• Warmth

• Cooked food

• Meat that was smoked by fire could be stored.

Generating Fire

• Certain stone, iron pyrite, gave off sparks when struck against another rock.

Paleolithic Period

• What period did the development of spoken language and transfer of knowledge take place?

Neolithic Age

• 10200 BC and ending between 4500 and 2000 BC

First Agricultural Revolution

• The wide-scale transition from a lifestyle of hunting and gathering to one of agriculture and settlement.

Neolithic Society

• The domestication of large animals resulted in a dramatic increase in social inequality.

• Headed by a charismatic leader of tribal groups.

Securities

• In the Neo age, agricultural life afforded __

Sumerian Civilization

• 4500 BC to 1900 BC

• Cuneiform — Handwriting

• Uruk City, Irrigation and Dikes, Sailboats, Wheel, The Plow

Egyptian Civilization

• 3100 BC to 332 BC

• Paper or papyrus Ink, Hieroglyphics, Cosmetics and Wig, Water Clock/Clepsydra

Chinese Civilization

• 1600 BC to 221 BC

• Silk, Tea Production, Great wall, Gunpowder

Greek Civilization

• 800 BC to 140 BC

• Alarm Clock, Water Mill

Roman Civilization

• 753 BC to 476 AD

• Newspaper, Bound Books or Codex, __ Architecture, _ Numerals

Middle “Dark” Ages

• 476 AD to 1400s

• began with the fall of the Roman Empire (476) and ended in the 1400s.

• Also referred to as the Dark Ages.

• Printing Press

• Microscope

• Telescope

• War weapons

Middle Ages

• Term for Western Europe during the Postclassical Era (A.P. World History’s 3rd time period).

The Renaissance

• 14th to 17th Century

• Also regarded as the bridge between the middle ages and modern history that started as a cultural movement in Italy, it later spread towards the rest of Europe.

Modern History and the Industrial Revolution

• 1700s to 1900s

• This Period (1870–1900s) of time when the face of industry changed dramatically.

Cotton Gin

• This increased the productivity of removing seed from cotton.

Eli Whitney

• Who invented the Cotton Gin?

Factory System

• The first that employed the __

• The use of machines and an “assembly-line” approach.

James Watt

• Who created the first truly reliable steam engine in 1775?

Coal Mining

• is the process of extracting coal from the ground.

  • Coal is valued for its energy content.

  • Industrialization increased the demand significantly.

John Roebuck

• Production of sulphuric acid was pioneered by the Englishman __ in 1746.

Joseph Aspdin

• In 1824, __, a British bricklayer turned builder, patented a chemical process for making Portland cement.

Joseph Foljambe

• __ Rotherham plough of 1730 was the first commercially successful iron plough,

Andrew Meikle

• Who invented the threshing machine?

Peter Durand

• The humble tin can was patented by a British merchant __

John Hall and Bryan Dorkin

• opened the very first commercial canning factory in England in 1813.

Jean Lenoir

• invented the internal combustion engine in 1858.

Internal Combustion Engine

• is a heat engine where the combustion of a fuel occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber that is an integral part of the working fluid flow circuit.

• Eventually this engine was used in mass transportation.

Electricity

• The development of __ as a source of power had been done by an international collection of scientists including Benjamin Franklin, Alessandro Volta, and Michael Faraday.

Henry Ford

• was by far one of the most imperative inventors of the Industrial Revolution.

• It enabled people to go wherever they wanted whenever they wanted.

Joseph Nicephore Niepce

• the first person to ever take a photograph.

Alexander Graham Bell

• created the telephone in 1876.

Thomas Edison

• created the phonograph in 1877

Orville and Wilbur Wright

•  created the first airplane in 1903.

Anthroprocene

• The Rise of the Human Empire

• The era in which human activity has been the dominant influence on climate and the environment.

Paul J. Crutzen

• Who popularized the term anthroprocene?

New Mexico

• Where was the first nuclear weapon detonated on 16 July 1945?

Fossil Fuels

• Burning __ mark Anthropocene age.

• Current rates of carbon emission are thought to be higher than at any time in the last 65 million years.

Plastic

• initially developed in the 1900s, have grown rapidly since the 1950s, and we now produce 500 million tons a year.

Changed Geology

• Every time we destroy a patch of rainforest, this changes the future of Earth’s __.

• We have transformed more than 50 % of Earth’s land area for our own purposes.

Use of Fertilizers

• Levels of nitrogen and phosphorus in soils have doubled in the last century because of our increased use of fertilizers.

Global Warming

• Unusually rapid increase in Earth’s average surface temperature over the past century primarily due to the greenhouse gases released as people burn fossil fuels.

6th Mass Extinction

• The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the species.

Michio Kaku

• Who referred to the dark side of technology as wildcards?

Philosophy

• Means “love of wisdom.”

• It is made up of two Greek words:

  • Philo — Love

  • Sophos — Wisdom

Philosophers

• Thinks about the meaning of things and interpretation of that meaning.

Ethical

• The study of values in human behavior or the study of moral problems.

  • The rightness and wrongness of actions.

Epistemological

• The study of knowledge.

  • Focuses on how we come to acquire knowledge and what types of limits there are to our knowledge.

Metaphysical

• The study of what is really feel.

  • Deals with the so-called first principles of the natural order and “the ultimate generalizations available to the human intellect.”

Metaphysics

Branch of Philosophy

• What is the nature of reality?

• One of the key concepts of understanding philosophy.

• Concerned with reality and existence.

Ontology

• Category of Metaphysics

• What is the nature of existence?

Cosmology

• Category of Metaphysics

• Origin and organization of the universe.

Epistemology

• What is the nature of knowledge?

• Raises questions about the nature of knowledge.

• Logic is a key dimension to epistemology.

Deductive

• Kind of Logic

• General to specific

Inductive

• Kind of Logic

• Specific to general

Axiology/Ethics

• What is the nature of values?

• Explores the nature of values.

Ethics

• Category of axiology

• Study of human conduct and examines moral values.

Aesthetics

• Category of axiology

•  Values beauty, nature, and aesthetic experience.

Inductivism

• Proposes and rests on a common understanding of the laws of the universe.

  • There are laws of nature, uniformities that govern these laws.

• Facts are observable; theories should be derived from these facts by observation.

Hypothetico-Deductivism

• Rejects the context of discovery.

• Asserts that facts are not always observable.

  • Facts have come to scientists not by observation but rather by accident, through dreams, visions, and preexisting theories.

Falsificationism

• Also rejects the context of discovery.

• Confirmation of hypothesis is not enough.

  • No specific number of confirmations will make any hypothesis true.

• scientific theories are tentative.

Conjecture and Refutation

• Science must continue to progress through an open quest to put existing theories to the test, allowing preconceived notions of “facts,” whatever they may be, up to scientific criticism and refutation.

Thomas Kuhn

• famously published The Structures of Scientific Revolutions in 1962

• coined the term paradigm

Problem

• Scientific Method

• Ask a question

Research

• Scientific Method

• Define problem statement

Hypothesize

• Scientific Method

• Construct the hypothesis

Experiment

• Scientific Method

• Test the hypothesis

Analyze

• Scientific Method

• Collect the data

Interpret

• Scientific Method

• Report the result

Quantitative Data

• Numeric variables

• Laboratory and field experimentations, rating scales, closed survey questions such as “yes” or “no” which can have numerical categories.

Qualitative Data

• Categorical variables

• Diary accounts, in-depth interviews, documents, focus groups, case study research, ethnography, open-ended surveys.