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Jerusalem:

The City in which Jesus taught, was crucified, and rose from the dead

Bethlehem:

the small town where Jesus was born

Catholic Church:

A denomination of Christianity which emphases tradition and the leadership of the Pope in Rome

Orthodox Church:

A denomination of Christianity that followed the Eastern traditions of Christianity as opposed to the Western traditions

The Incarnation:

The Christian belief that the Logos, or the Word, became flesh in the person of Jesus. Through this humanity is believed to be redeemed and this is celebrated at Christmas

Fundamentalist Creationism

Belief that all life was created by God as literally described in the bible.

Liberal Christians on Creation:

The Bible is a mythological text which is not literal but contains narrative and moral teachings on creation

Old Testament Quote on Creation:

'In the beginning God created the Heavens and the Earth' Genesis

New Testament Quote on Creation:

'In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. Through Him all things were made' John

Christian Festivals:

Christmas and Easter and the major festivals. Christmas: is the celebration of the incarnation and the birth of Jesus. Easter: is the celebration of the resurrection and ascension of Jesus.

Christmas Practices:

Christians will attend a midnight mass, or church service to celebrate Christmas morning and the birth of Jesus.

Christians will prepare for Christmas through a months long advent where they will light a new candle at church every Sunday.

What is Christmas about?

Christmas is about celebrating the fulfilment of God's promise to redeem humanity and the transition from the Old testament to the New testament.

Easter Practices:

Christians will celebrate the Resurrection through Holy Week, a special week of church services each representing a moment at the end of the life of Jesus.

Christians will prepare through a 40 day period of fasting a reflection called Lent.

Christmas is all about celebrating the Resurrection of Jesus which is believed to be the victory of life over death and the promise of eternal life for everyone

Quotes about Christmas:

'For God so loved the world, that He gave His only Son, that whoever believes in Him should not perish but have eternal life.' John

Quotes about Easter:

'He is not here; he has risen! Remember how he told you, while he was still with you in Galilee: 'The Son of Man must be delivered over to the hands of sinners, be crucified and on the third day be raised again.' Luke

Hajj:

A Pillar of Islam and obligation to travel to the city which Islam was created and relive many of the parts of the life of prophet Ibrahim

Sunni:

The largest denomination of Islam, believe in the succession of Abu Bakir the best friend as the successor to the Prophet

Shia:

The second largest denomination of Islam, believes in the succession of Ali the son in law as the successor the Prophet.

Tawhid:

The belief in the Oneness of God in Islam. It connects Muslims to the study of science and the natural world, the use of patterns in art, and the belief that God alone is worthy of praise.

Khalifah:

Custodian or steward of the world for Allah. It is connected to the responsibility of looking after the planet and all of God's creation. It is also connected to encouraging Muslims to make the world a better place through taking leadership positions.

Islam Quote:

'He is with you wherever you are'. Quran

Steps of the Hajj:

ihram,circle the ka'aba (built by abraham and ishmael)(tawaf),perform sayyid (part of hajj where they run between two hills)(comes from part hagar running between two hills until gabriel struck rock with wing and water appeared),go to mira and camp,day to arafat (come together and pray),sacrificial stoning of satan,slaughtering of lambs (everyone sacrifices lamb)

Ibrahim:

One of the prophets of Allah. He rebuilt the Ka'aba. Was asked to sacrifice his son, and is the father of Abrahamic faith.

Ibrahim quote:

"God took Abraham as a friend" Quran

Sanctity of life:

The belief that life is holy and sacred and created by God

Evolution:

The gradual change in a species over time that is the explanation of the complexity of life

Intelligent Design:

the theory that life, or the universe, cannot have arisen by chance and was designed and created by some intelligent entity.

Islam on Evolution:

According to the Holy Quran, the evolution of life is the result of divine will and divine guidance. The Holy Quran declares that the harmony and complexity of creation and could not have come of its own accord. In contrast, natural selection, the foundation of modern theory of evolution, credits accidental mutation for the survival of life and its complexity. But it fails to explain how the life was created and how the accidents can guide the life towards complexity.

Islam Quote on Evolution:

"Verily in the heavens and the earth are signs for those who believe. And in the creation of yourselves, and the fact that animals are scattered (through the earth), are signs for those of assured faith. And in the alternation of night and day, and that fact that Allah sends down sustenance from the sky, and revives therewith the earth after its death, and in the change of the winds, are signs for those who are wise" Quran

Vegetarianism:

the practice of eating a diet consisting entirely or largely of plant foods

Christian views on Pro Vegetarianism:

Jesus said that God feeds the birds of the air (Matt. 6:26) and does not forget sparrows (Luke 12:6). In their own ways, God's creatures demonstrate a full range of feelings - curiosity, pleasure, playfulness, love, joy, fear, anger, pain, and suffering

Christian Views on Anti Vegetarianism:

'It is what comes out of a mans mouth that makes him unholy, not what he puts in. But what comes out of the mouth comes from the heart, and this defiles a man' Luke (Jesus talking about dietary laws)

pro life movement

The issue of abortion is primarily about the unborn child's right to life

pro choice movement

Those that defend a woman's right to choose whether and when to bear children

8th Amendment:

The Irish movement to remove the constitutional the right to life of the unborn

Abortion laws in the Philippines:

Very strict laws which are rooted in Catholic teachings on Abortion

Abortion and the Catholic Church:

The Catholic Church believes life begins at conception and that all life is sacred from the moment it starts

Doctrine of Double Effect:

the principle that performing a good action may be permissible even if it has bad effects, but performing a bad action for the purpose of achieving good effects is never permissible; any bad effects must be unintended

Famous Violinist Case:

you wake up attached to a famous violinist, you can't unplug him or he dies. they say he will be cured in 9 months, so you just have to stay attached for that long. can you unplug even though it would kill him? all persons have a right to life, including this violinist, you only have the right to your own life so you can't unplug because then you would be deciding for his life.

Quotes on abortion:

"Before I formed you in the womb, I knew you" "For you created my inmost being: you knit me together in my mother's womb" "Love your neighbour as you love yourself" "As God's chosen people, clothe yourselves with compassion, kindness, gentleness, and patience" "Do not kill"

Ensoulment in Islam:

The belief that the soul is breathed onto the embryo at the moment of 18 weeks or 120 days

Descriptions of God:

An omnipotent, omniscient, and transcendent being

Philosophers who created an argument for God:

Thomas Aquinas, William Paley, St. Anselm

The Design Argument:

The argument that God designed the universe because everything is so intricately made in its detail that it could not have happened by chance. Also called the Teleological Argument. It is often criticised through Evolution and also the Problem of Evil

The First Cause Argument:

An argument purporting to prove God's existence by logical argument that everything is caused by something else. This requires an uncaused cause, which must be God. One version put forward by Thomas Aquinas in 13th century. It is also called the Cosmological Argument. It is often criticised by asking what caused God.

Quote on First Cause Argument:

'In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth' Genesis

Ontological Argument:

the argument that God, being defined as most great or perfect, must exist, since a God who exists is greater than a God who does not.

Problem of Evil:

How it is possible for there to be evil in a world created by an all good, all powerful and all knowing being

Theodicy:

an attempt to justify God in the face of evil in the world

Augustinian Theodicy:

Instead of blaming God for that pain, blames Humankind. Says that human choice and free will created an absence of good.

Irenean theodicy:

The argument that Creation has not finished yet and that we need god to know evil

inconsistant triad:

A god who is omnipotent and omniscient would want to rid the world of evil for everyone, as he would know how to do it, and thus omnipotent nature.

If God is not omnipotent, then he can't stop evil as it is beyond his control. Denying his omnibenevolent, is unthinkable to Christians, as they suggest that God has qualities.

Epicurus on Gods:

"Is God willing to prevent evil, but not able? Then he is not omnipotent. Is he able, but not willing? Then he is malevolent. Is he both able and willing? Then whence cometh evil? Is he neither able nor willing? Then why call him God?"

Euthanasia:

Literally means "good dying"; an easy death as an escape from some condition, usually terminal, and felt by the patient to be intolerable.

active euthanasia:

A situation in which someone takes action to bring about another person's death, with the intention of ending that person's suffering.

passive euthanasia:

A situation in which a seriously ill person is allowed to die naturally, through the cessation of medical intervention.

Voluntary euthanasia:

euthanasia performed on a person with their permission

compulsory euthanasia:

if someone other than the patient makes the decision and death results

Dr Jane Barton Medical:

lead for Gosport war memorial hospital who oversaw hundreds of patients being put on the Liverpool Care Pathway

Liverpool Care Pathway:

The practice of putting non terminal patients on palliative care

Palliative care:

Care designed not to treat an illness but to provide physical and emotional comfort to the patient and support for end of life treatment.

Heidi Crowter:

Member of the UK Downs Syndrome community who campaigned for ending the rights of the mother to terminate a fetus past the standard 24 weeks and right up until birth

Eugenics:

the practice of attempting to improve human population by controlled breeding to increase the occurrence of desirable heritable characteristics

Dignitas:

A swiss clinic open for international patients to end their lives

Charlie Guard:

The UK child born with a chronic and terminal condition whose right to life was part of a conflict between the NHS and his parents.

Sanctity of Life Argument:

Life is a gift and has value in and of itself. To take an innocent life is murder.

Sanctity of life:

The belief that life is precious, or sacred. For many religious believers, human life holds this special status

Quality of life:

the standard of health, comfort, and happiness experienced by an individual or group.

Sanctity of life quote Old Testament:

“Thou shall not kill"

Sanctity of life New Testament:

"God giveth life and God taketh away"

Sanctity of life concept:

Imago dei, or everyone is made in the image of God

Michelangelo's Last Judgement:

An epic renaissance masterpeice of art depicting the resurrection of the dead and the judgement of all life by a heroic Jesus in a whirlwind of salvation

Salvation

(Christianity) the act of delivering from sin or saving from evil

Redemption:

From the Latin redemptio, meaning "a buying back," referring, in the Old Testament, to God's deliverance of Hebrew slaves in Egypt and, in the New Testament, to Christ's deliverance of all Christians from the forces of sin.

Original Sin:

The fallen state of human nature into which all generations of people are born

heaven

A state of eternal life and union with God, in which one experiences full happiness and the satisfaction of the deepest human longings.

Isra and Mi'raj:

Also known as the Night Journey (of Muhammad) where the prophet was taken miraculously on a winged horse to the Temple Mount in Jerusalem and he prayed with the prophets from scripture (Abraham, Moses, John the Baptist, etc.) and then ascended into heaven before returning to his home. During this journey, Muhammad spoke with Allah who instructed him to institute the practice of praying five times a day

Jannah:

heaven

Jannah Quote:

"they will have Gardens of lasting bliss graced" Qur'an

Akirah:

Belief in life after death

Dome of the Rock:

Muslim shrine containing the rock from which Mohammad is believed to have risen to heaven; Jews believe Abraham prepared to sacrifice his son Isaac on the rock

Terry Pratchett quote:

We have learned to be good at living, it is about time we learned to be good at dying.

Barzakh:

Where the soul waits for judgement before the Day of Judgement

Problem of Evil and Suffering:

Asks "why is there evil/suffering—especially if there is a loving God or Divine 'plan'?" Evidence God does not exist

omnipotent:

All powerful

Omnibenevolent:

Asks "why is there evil/suffering—especially if there is a loving God or Divine 'plan'?" Evidence God does not exist

omniscient:

All knowing

Natural evil:

Natural features of the world which cause suffering, and which have nothing to do with human beings

Moral evil:

Actions done by humans which cause suffering

Theodicy:

Overcoming the Problem of Evil

Augustinian Theodicy:

Evil does not exist, we have free will and create the absence of Good

Irenean theodicy:

Creation has not finished yet and that we need god to know evil

inconsistant triad:

A god who is omnipotent and omniscient would want to rid the world of evil for everyone, as he would know how to do it, and thus omnipotent nature.

If God is not omnipotent, then he can't stop evil as it is beyond his control. Denying his omnibenevolent, is unthinkable to Christians, as they suggest that God has qualities.

Messiah:

The Hebrew concept of a hero that will save the Jewish people, a King from the line of David, and the redeemer of all humanity.

King David:

The Hebrew Royal king who united the tribes of Israel and formed the first Kingdom

Gospel:

The first four books of the Christian New Testament, Matthew, Mark, Luke and John. The biographies of the life and death of Jesus

Euangélion:

Greek word meaning the good news of a new King, in English it is Gospel

Incarnation:

From the Latin, meaning "to become flesh," referring to the mystery of Jesus Christ, the divine Son of God, becoming man. In the Incarnation, Jesus Christ became truly man while remaining truly God.

Nativity:

The birth of Jesus Christ, the Son of God and of the Virgin Mary. In the Gospel of Luke it sets up a hero who will turn the socioeconomic and religious world upside down.

Messianic Prophecy:

The unified stories of the Hebrew Bible which tell the coming of a saviour