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What is the first line of defense?
Skin and Mucous (Physical Barrier)
What is the second line of defense?
Innate, nonspecific
What is the third line of defense?
Adaptive, specific
Which line of defense included vaccines?
Third
Which line of defense includes fever and inflammation?
Second
Steps for Phagocytosis:
Chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion, killing
TEST QUESTION: Is fever in your first line of defense?
No
PO2 entering our bodies is what?
159.5mmhg
PO2 in our capillaries is what?
40mmhg
Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs) include what?
Macrophages (monocytes in tissue outside of the bloostream), dendritic cells (monocytes in mucous membranes), B cells (lymphocytes)
What is a pathogen?
Any disease causing organism
What is chemotaxis?
Attraction to chemicals released by microbes
What is Adherence?
Attachment to plasma membrane of phagocyte
What is ingestion?
Pseudopods consume microbe and form a phagosome
What is digestion/killing?
Merging with lysosome containing digestive enzymes and forming lethal oxidants. Exocystosis of residual body.
What do diagnostic tests for AIDS detect?
HIV antibodies
When does HIV transition to AIDS?
When the helper T-cell count is less than 200, frequent infections occur
Characteristics of HIV:
brief flu-like illness after the initial infection
Treatment for AIDS
A combination of reverse transcriptase and protease inhibitors
CD4 is a helper T-cell, how is it activated?
A receptor antigen complex and costimulation (secretion of interleukin 1 from APC to CD4)
TEST QUESTION: Do cytotoxic T cells need costimulation of interleukin to be activated?
Yes
What do cytotoxic T-cells secrete to kill cancer?
Perforin
TEST QUESTION: What antibody action increases the effectiveness of phagocytosis?
Opsonization
What are B cells that dont become plasma cells called?
Memory B cells
Which cells are involved in humoral immunity?
B cells, memory B cells, and plasma cells
Do B cells react more strongly against unprocessed cells?
No
Which lines of defense are non specific
First and Second
What is Cell mediated immunity?
When T cells are attacking infected cells/ pathogens
WHat is antibody/humoral mediated immunity?
When B cells, memory B cells, and plasma cells attack fluids in the body
Characteristics of lymph vessels:
Thin walls and porous
Lymphatic vessles from smallest to largest:
Cappilaries, trunks, ducts
What are the names of the two lymphatic ducts?
Right and Thoracic
Flow of lymph from lower right to upper left
Right lumbar trunk (right thigh), cysterna chyli, thoracic duct
Which lymphatic duct is lipid rich?
Thoracic
Where is the thymus gland located?
Between the anterior heart and posterior sternum
What happens to the thymus with age?
It shrinks
The thymus cortex contains what?
Immature T cells that emigrate to the medulla
What do thymic reticular epithelial cells release?
Thymosin and other hormones
Lymph nodes follow arteries ____ in the body and follows veins ____
deep, superficially
What does malignant/metastatic cancer mean?
The tumor travels and has no fibrous capsule
A benign tumor means?
The tumor has a fibrous capsule and does not travel
Where are thrombocytes stored?
Spleen
What disease are you at risk for if you lose your spleen?
Pneumonia
What side of the body is the spleen on?
Left
Are natural killer cells immunocompetent?
No
Immunological surveillance is constantly carried out by what?
Cytotoxic T cells
What happens to T cells after negative selection?
Anergy causes T cells to remain alive but they cannot be activated
What is deletion in negative feedback?
Causes apoptosis of T cells that would destroy self-tissue
Does negative selection lead to self tolerance?
Yes
What do B cells do?
They become plasma cells, recognize unprocessed antigens, proliferate and differentiate in response to helper T cell secretions, hold BCRs in their membranes that are similar to the antibodies they secrete.
What do Cytotoxic T cells do?
They come from CD8 cells, fight intracellular pathogens, require exposure to antigens associated with MHC-1 and MHC-2 to be fully effectiove, and need stimulation from interleukins to be activated
What are the inflammation response stages?
Vasodilation and increased vessel permeability, emigration, tissue repair
What do immunocompetent cells do?
Develop receptors to recognize foreign antigens
Characteristics of immunocompetent cells:
Have distinct plasma membrane proteins (receptors), are able to conduct immune respinses when properly stimulated/fully activated, cells that will be CD8 or CD4 cells complete development in the Thymus.
What produces/releases interferons?
Virus-infected cells
What causes uninfected cells to produce antiviral proteins that prevent viral replication?
Interferons
What enhances the activity of phagocytes and natural killer cells?
Interferons
What is the classical pathway for activation of complement C3 protein?
C1 antigen-antibody complexes bind and activate
What is the alternate pathway for activation of complement C3 protein?
Lipid-carbohydrate complexes on microbe surfaces interact with factors B,D and P
What is the lectin pathway for activation of complement C3 protein?
Liver produces lectins in response to chemicals from macrophages
What is complement fixation?
Activation of the classical pathway C1 to C3b to C5b which leads to formation of a membrane attack complex which leads to cytolysis
What do cytotoxic T cells do when they encounter a microbial antigen?
They release granzymes that trigger apoptosis.
What happens when a cytotoxic t cells binds to infected cells?
They can release perforin to cause cytolysis and granulysin to destroy the microbe. They can also release lymphotoxin so the target cell damages itself
What is IGM?
Is is the early response before G is available
Where is IGA found?
Saliva, tears and breast milk
What dos IGD do?
Acts as a receptor on B cells
What is the most abundant of the IG antibodies? and what does it do?
IGG is 80% of the IG antibodies and it crosses the placenta fetus
What does IGE do?
Releases histamine from basophils
What is included in the conducting zone?
Everything between your nose to your terminal bronchioles
What is tidal volume?
How much air you normally breathe in, around 500ml
What is the anatomical dead zone?
The air left over in the conducting zone that does not reach the respiratoy zone, average is 150ml
What is included in the respiratory zone?
The bronchioles and lobules
How much air generally reaches the respiratory zone?
550ml
What is external (pulmonary) respiration?
Between the lungs and blood, O2 comes in and CO2 goes out
What is internal (systemic) respiration?
Between blood and tissues, 25% of O2 is removed. PCO2 drops from 45 to 40mmHg
What determines how much oxygen disassociates or binds to hemoglobin?
PO2
What causes O2 dissociation from Hemoglobin?
Increased BPG, Increased H+ concentration, and increased temperature
As airways get ___ they become more ____
Smaller, muscular
What diseases increase compliance?
COPD and Tuberculosis
What disease decreases compliance?
Pneumonia
What diseases can be a aprt of COPD
Emphysema and chronic bronchitis, NOT pneumonia
What is an asthma attack and how is it treated?
The smooth muscles on bronchioles retract. Treatment is administration of norepinephrine (relaxes the bronchioles) and antihistamine (counteracts broonchoconstriction).
Whats a pneumothorax?
when air enters the pleural cavity
Whats a hemothorax?
When blood enters the pleural cavity.
What is atelectasis?
A collapsed lung
What is a small (oat cell) carcinoma?
The least common but most dangerous form of lung cancer. The tumor invades the bronchial wall and compresses the airway which can cause a collapsed lung. 7% survive
Acute pain causes a brief…?
Apnea
What muscles are involved in forces exhalation?
Internal intercostals and abdominals
Function of the pneumotaxic area:
Allows you to transition between inhale and exhale without effort
Function of the Apneuistic area:
Stops you from exhaling to allow a longer inhale
When is the expiratory center used?
During forced exhalation
When in the inspiratory center used?
Constantly in use so you always breathe
What is the most important factor in ventilation rate?
PCO2
What does an increase in PCO2 cause?
Deep and rapid breathing
What cell produces the chemical that reduces surface tension of air in the lungs?
Type 2 alveolar cells
WHat muscles are involved with foced inhalation?
Sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, pectoralis minor
Where do primary bronchi carry air?
Each lung
Where do secondary bronchi carry air?
Each lobe of the lungs
Where do tertiary bronchi carry air?
The segments of the lungs
IF you were to inhale an object, where is it most likely to land?
The right primary bronchi, because the left primary bronchi has a sharp turn
Note 
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