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mutual intelligibility
the ability of speakers from different language varieties to understand each others
dialect
the language variety characteristic of. particular social group
speech community
a group of people who speak the same dialect
language variation
phonetic, morphological, syntactic, semantic, lexical
phonetic variation
differences in pronounciation
morphological variation
difference in morphological structures
syntactic variation
variation in how phrases and sentences are structured
semantic variation
the same word means different things in different language varieties
lexical variation
different words for the same thing
isogloss
the geographical boundary marking the limit of
difference between dialect and language
dialect is the variations in a language
isogloss bundle
when many different isoglosses fall in approximately the same location
social dialects
variety of speech associated with a particular social class or occupational group within a society; ethnicity, class, gender
class
socioeconomic status affects language
gender
masculinity vs femininity
age
younger speakers often speak differently than older speakers; part of natural language change
overt prestige
people model their speech after the dialect that is prestigious to them; dialect with most prestige usually the standard
covert prestige
speaker chooses to differ from the standard and assimilate to different non-standard language variety
speech style
systematic variations in speech based on factors such as topic, setting, addressee
register
different levels of formality, and are characterized by an entire set of linguistic features
slang
words or expressions used in informal settings often to indicate membership in a particular social group
jargon
technical language, typically association with a particular specialized domain
privilege
a group of unlearned cultural, legal, social, and institutional benefits extended to a group based on their social group membership
linguistic discrimination
discrimination against an individual on the basis of the way they speak
standard varieties privilege
speakers of standard varieties often perceived to be more credible
language and power
official language, disability, foreign accent, asl, notion of prestige
official language
status as an official language means government business must be conducted in that language; people who do not speak the language may have limited access to voting, court, education, etc.
disability
assumptions about speech and intellect, generation of pejorative terms
communication access
the various tools ad methods through which people receive and exchange information