Science Resource Guide Full Set

What is a coronal mass ejection?

A burst of plasma from the Sun that can impact Earth's atmosphere.

What phenomenon can be observed due to coronal mass ejections?

Aurora borealis (northern lights) and aurora australis (southern lights).

What happened to telegraph wires during the 1859 coronal mass ejection?

They caught fire due to intense electromagnetic activity.

How did the role of electricity in American homes change during the 1920s?

The percentage of homes with electricity increased from about 33% to nearly 70%.

Name three household appliances that became common due to electricity in the 1920s.

Toasters, washing machines, and refrigerators.

What major change occurred in American communication due to electricity in the 1920s?

Radios became widely available and popular.

What percentage of manufacturing was electrified in the U.S. by 1929?

About 70%.

What improvements did electricity bring to manufacturing during the 1920s?

Better power tools, improved workspace illumination, and enhanced control over machinery.

What societal change did the mass production of automobiles lead to in the 1920s?

Wholesale changes in society due to increased accessibility and mobility.

What was the impact of electricity on productivity in manufacturing during the 1920s?

It led to massive improvements in productivity.

What was the general perception of electrified homes by the mid-twentieth century?

They were seen as necessary for a comfortable, modern way of life.

What is the significance of the decade known as the Roaring Twenties in relation to electricity?

It was a transformative period where electricity significantly impacted daily life and industry.

What is the relationship between electricity and the development of household products in the 1920s?

Electricity led to the creation and marketing of new household products.

How did the availability of electricity affect urban and suburban areas in the 1920s?

It greatly improved the quality of life and convenience for residents.

What is the historical context of electricity's development mentioned in the introduction?

Electricity has been observed since ancient times, with significant advancements in the 19th century.

What role did electricity play in the industrial revolution during the 1920s?

It facilitated mass production and improved manufacturing processes.

What was the status of electricity in American homes at the start of the 1920s?

Only about one in three homes had electricity.

What was a key factor in the increased use of electricity in homes during the 1920s?

The revolutionary impact of electric lighting.

What advancements in communication were made possible by electricity in the 1920s?

The introduction and popularization of radios.

What was the impact of electricity on the perception of modern living in the 1920s?

It became viewed as essential for a comfortable lifestyle.

What was the effect of electricity on the manufacturing workforce in the 1920s?

It enhanced operators' control over machinery and improved working conditions.

What was the significance of the electrical grid in the context of the 1920s?

It connected homes and industries, enabling widespread access to electricity.

What was the consequence of a strong coronal mass ejection today compared to 1859?

It would likely cause catastrophic disruptions due to our reliance on electricity.

What was the mysterious force that could attract lightweight objects when certain materials were rubbed together?

The electric force, first dubbed by William Gilbert in 1600.

What did ancient philosophers believe were the fundamental elements of matter?

Earth, air, fire, and water.

What is the modern understanding of elements as taught today?

Elements are types of atoms listed in the Periodic Table, which are not truly fundamental as they are made of smaller particles.

What does the term 'atom' mean in Greek?

Indivisible.

What significant discovery did Benjamin Franklin make regarding electric charge?

Electric charge is conserved; it cannot be created or destroyed, only moved between objects.

What device did Benjamin Franklin experiment with to study electricity?

The Leyden jar, which can store electricity and deliver an electric shock.

What was Franklin's famous experiment involving kites and thunderstorms meant to prove?

That lightning is an electrical phenomenon.

What are the three types of particles that compose an atom?

Protons, neutrons, and electrons.

What is the nucleus of an atom composed of?

Protons and neutrons.

How did Franklin's experiments contribute to our understanding of electricity?

He demonstrated that electrical phenomena could be studied and understood through experimentation.

What role do magnets play in electricity?

They are crucial for power plants to deliver energy to homes.

What is the relationship between electricity and magnetism?

They are separate phenomena but are deeply connected, leading to the concept of electromagnetic waves.

What did the study of electricity ultimately inspire in physics?

Albert Einstein's theory of relativity.

What is the significance of the Periodic Table in modern science?

It organizes all known elements, which are the building blocks of matter.

What happens when electric charges are set in motion?

They create electric current.

What is an electric circuit?

A path through which electric current can flow.

What is the difference between electric force and magnetic force?

Electric force involves charged particles, while magnetic force involves magnets and moving charges.

What is the historical significance of William Gilbert in the study of electricity?

He was the first to study and name the electric force.

What did Franklin's kite experiment reveal about static electricity?

It showed that static electricity could be measured and was related to lightning.

Why is the concept of conservation of electric charge important?

It is a fundamental principle in understanding electric circuits and phenomena.

What did ancient philosophers debate about the nature of matter?

Whether matter was made of indivisible atoms or was infinitely divisible.

What is the role of electric circuits in everyday life?

They allow us to use electrical appliances and lighting in our homes.

How did Franklin's work influence the development of electrical science?

His experiments laid the groundwork for future studies in electricity and magnetism.

What is the significance of electric currents in modern technology?

They are essential for powering devices, communication, and various technologies.

Who was instrumental in the founding of the United States and the global understanding of electricity?

Benjamin Franklin

What experiment by Benjamin Franklin became quite famous?

The kite experiment

What two particles in an atom have nearly the same mass?

Protons and neutrons

What is mass, and how is it measured?

Mass is a fundamental quantity of nature measured in kilograms (kg), determining an object's response to forces.

What is the mass of one liter of water?

One kilogram

What is the typical mass range of an adult human?

About 60 to 70 kg

What role do electrons play in electricity?

Electricity primarily involves the movement of electrons.

What is the charge of protons and electrons?

Protons have a positive charge, and electrons have a negative charge.

What happens to oppositely charged particles?

They are attracted to each other.

What happens to similarly charged particles?

They repel each other.

What does Isaac Newton's first law of motion state?

An object's inertia allows it to keep going as long as there are no forces to stop it.

How is the strength of a force measured?

In newtons

According to Newton's second law of motion, what happens when an object feels a force?

It will accelerate in the direction of that force.

What does Newton's third law of motion state?

Every action has an equal and opposite reaction.

Why do protons and electrons experience different accelerations despite having equal and opposite charges?

Protons have over a thousand times the mass of electrons.

What are quarks?

Quarks are smaller fundamental particles that make up protons and neutrons.

What is scientific notation?

A way to write very large or very small numbers in a compact form, using powers of ten.

How is the mass of the Sun expressed in scientific notation?

Approximately 2 × 10^30 kg.

What is the typical structure of an atom?

Atoms consist of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, orbited by electrons.

What defines an element?

An element is defined by its number of protons.

What is the typical number of protons and electrons in a neutral atom?

Most atoms have the same number of protons and electrons, resulting in a total charge of zero.

What is the charge of a neutron?

Neutrons are electrically neutral and have no charge.

What keeps electrons in orbit around the nucleus?

The electrical attraction between the positively charged protons and negatively charged electrons.

What is inertia in relation to mass?

Inertia is the resistance of an object to changes in its motion, which is related to its mass.

What is the relationship between mass and acceleration when a force is applied?

Objects with more mass will have greater resistance to forces, resulting in less acceleration for the same applied force.

How does the mass of an object affect its acceleration when a force is applied?

A heavier object will accelerate less than a lighter object when the same force is applied.

What does the power of 10 indicate in scientific notation?

The number of zeros that follow the first digit.

How is the mass of a single proton expressed in scientific notation?

1 × 10-27 kg.

What does a negative exponent in scientific notation signify?

Dividing by 10 rather than multiplying.

How can scientific notation simplify metric unit conversions?

It allows for easier multiplication and division by 10.

What is the value of one kilogram in grams using scientific notation?

1 × 10³ grams.

What does the prefix 'kilo' mean?

1,000 of that unit.

What is the value of 'milli' in scientific notation?

0.001 or 10-3.

What are the four fundamental forces in the universe?

Gravitational force, electromagnetic force, strong nuclear force, and weak nuclear force.

What does the strong nuclear force do?

It keeps protons and neutrons together in the nucleus.

What is the role of the weak nuclear force?

It transforms particles and is involved in radioactive decay.

How does gravity act between two masses?

It pulls mass toward other mass, depending on their masses and distance apart.

What is the equation for gravitational force?

FG = G(m1m2/r²).

What does the variable 'r' represent in the gravitational force equation?

The distance between the two masses.

What is the effect of increasing the distance 'r' on gravitational force?

The gravitational force decreases, following an inverse square law.

What is the gravitational constant (G)?

6.67 × 10-11 N m²/kg².

What is Coulomb's Law used to describe?

The force between two electrically charged objects.

What is the equation for Coulomb's Law?

FE = k(q1q2/r²).

What do q1 and q2 represent in Coulomb's Law?

The amounts of charge on the two objects, measured in coulombs.

What is the charge of a proton and an electron?

Proton: +1.7 × 10-19 coulombs; Electron: -1.7 × 10-19 coulombs.

What does it mean that charge is quantized?

Charge comes in discrete, countable amounts.

Why is the fundamental charge considered tiny?

It is defined for convenience in measuring on a human scale.

What happens to gravitational force if the mass of one object is doubled?

The gravitational force also doubles.

What happens to gravitational force if the distance between two objects is doubled?

The gravitational force becomes one-fourth as strong.

What does the term 'inverse square law' refer to?

A relationship where a quantity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance.

What is the mass of an electron in scientific notation?

9.1 × 10-31 kg.

What is the relationship between charge and mass in Coulomb's law compared to gravitational force?

In Coulomb's law, charge plays the role of mass in gravitational force; both are inverse square laws.

What is the Coulomb constant and its value?

The Coulomb constant (k) is a number used in electric force calculations, valued at 8.99 × 10^9 N m²/C².