GVSU PSY 101 GALEN MIDTERM- CHAPTER 2 WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS 2025-2026

Hueristics and biases

heuristics= mental shortcuts, rules of thumb

ex)goth clothing=satanist

biases over confidence- over estimate ability

hindsight biases

Good research design

pseudoscience

facilitated communication

system 1&2

system 1- intuitive, fast, automatic

---- form a quick impression of something

system 2- analytical, slow, effortful

---- "how common is this likely to occur"

Types of Studies

case study

self-reports survey

naturalistic observation

experiments

case study

- studying a small number of people for an extended period of time

- common with rare types of brain damage or mental illness

self- report

PROS- easy to administer, direct assessment of person's state

CONS- potential for dishonesty, accuracy in reporting can be skewed for groups of people

evaluating measures

- must have reliability or validity

- a test must be reliable and valid, but a reliable test can still be completely invalid

Reliability

consistency of measurement

validity

extend to which a measure assesses what it claims to measure

cofounds

failed control part of experiment that is not accounted for, which jeopardizes the validity of an experiment

ex)caffeine study don't account for the good/bad sleep you get

Random Selection

questionares & surveys, the key to generalization

Inferring Causation

drawing conclusions baes on conditions of occurrence

Independent vs dependent

independent-manipulated or changed

ex)effects of studying on test score, studying is indp.

ex) how tutoring impacts tests score, dependent. is participants test scores bc it is being meausured

expectancy

an individual will act in a certain way because they believe they are expected to

ex) hypnosis

Demand Effect

cues that allow participant to guess the researchers hypothesis

demand effect is violent video games effecting violent expression

correlation coefficient

a number of the degree of relationship between 2 variables

distributions

distribution

symmetric-bell curve in the middle

skewed- bell curve to the right

mean, median, mode

mean-"average"

median-mid point

mode-most common

range-diff between the highest and lowest

stand deviation-measure of dispersion

skew

long tail on either side of scale

-right=positivr (mean

IRBs

protects the rights and welfare of research subjects

informed consent

subject must be made aware of risks in procedure

deception

deceiving someone in an experiment to be dishonest