A&P2 Exam 4 Immune System

Organisms that cause damage (pathogenic) to the host are called ____ ___

Infectious Agents

The severity of a disease induced by a pathogen is referred to as ____

Virulence

5 major categories of infectious agents are: (BVFPM)

Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoans, & multicellular parasites

_____ are infectious ___ fragments that cause nervous tissue disease (Mad Cow Disease) 

Prions, Protein 

Leukocytes are ____ ____ cells specialized for immunity

White blood

What are the 3 types of granulocytes?

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils

The granulocytes _____ are the most abundant WBC that phagocytose bacteria. They are short-lived first responders

Neutrophils

Monocytes becomes _____ or ____ cells

Macrophages, Dendritic

The granulocytes _____ attack parasites and are involved in allergies

Eosinophils

The granulocyte _____ release histamine & heparin (rarest WBC)

Basophils

_______ are responsible for ____ immunity (T cells, B cells, NK cells)

Lymphocytes, Adaptive 

Where are Lymphocytes housed?

Secondary Lymphoid Structures

Where are macrophages found? (2)

Alveolar macrophages (lungs), Microglia (CNS)

Dendritic cells are found in ____ & ____ ____

Skin, Mucosal membranes 

____ cells are found in CT near small blood vessels

Mast

______ are small proteins that regulate immune activity

Cytokines

The 4 main categories of cytokines are: (ITCI) 

Interleukins, TNF, CSF, Interferons 

The 3 signaling types are:

Autocrine, Paracrine, Endocrine 

An _____ is any molecule that triggers an immune response

Antigen

An ____ is a specific part of an antigen recognized by immune cells

Epitope

An ____ is a protein produced by B/plasma cells that binds specifically to an ____

Antibody, Antigen 

_______ is when the immune system attacks self-antigens

Autoimmunity

In cross-reactivity, foreign _____ reassembles self-antigen

*Ex. Pollen allergy leading to an apple allergy

Antigen

In ____ _____ ____, Microbes change self-proteins so the immune system attacks them

*ex. Type I Diabetes

Altered Self-Antigens

____ ____ refers to defenses present at birth, they are nonspecific and are an immediate response

Innate Immunity

What is the first and second line of defense?

Skin & Mucous Membranes

_____ acts as a physical, chemical, biological barrier, & sweat/oil glands produce antimicrobials 

Skin

_____ ____ trap microbes & have mucin with antimicrobials.

(Cilia sweeps and stomach acids, urine, and vaginal acidity removes microbes)

Mucous Membranes 

The second line of defense is/are ___ ____ ____

Nonspecific Internal Defenses (cells, proteins, inflammation, fever)

What are the 3 phagocytic cells?

Neutrophils, Macrophages, Dendritic Cells

What are 2 pro-inflammatory chemical-secreting cells?

Basophils, Mast cells

____ cells release perforin & granzymes that induce _____

NK, Apoptosis

______ release cytotoxic chemicals to kill parasites (granulocyte)

Eosinophils

PAMPs are ____ ____ ____ ____

Pathogen-Associated molecular patterns

PRRs are ____ ___ ____ on immune cells 

Pattern recognition receptors 

______ are cytokines that interfere with ____ replication & stimulate NK cells and macrophages

Interferons, Viral

The _____ system is 30+ liver-produced proteins that enhance ____

Complement, Immunity

What are the 3 types of complement pathways? (CAL)

Classical, Alternative, Lectin

What triggers the classical complement pathway? 

An Antibody binding to an antigen 

What triggers the alternative complement pathway?

C3b binding directly to the pathogen surface

What triggers the Lectin complement pathway?

Mannose-binding lectin attaching to microbe sugars

The complement pathways work to destroy, mark, and recruit ____

Pathogens

Opsonization, inflammation, cytolysis (MAC), elimination of immune complexes are examples of ____ ____

Complement Functions

_____ is an immediate, local, nonspecific response in vascularized tissue 

Inflammation 

Redness, heat, swelling, pain, & loss of function are all signs of _____

Inflammation 

The stages of inflammation are: Release of factors —→ ____ ____ —> Leukocyte recruitment —→ ___ ____ delivery 

Vascular Changes, Plasma Protein 

A Fever is a body temp at or above ___ degrees celcius above normal due to ____

1, Pyrogens 

A ____ is beneficial because it inhibits microbes, enhances interferons, increases lymphocyte activity, & accelerates repair

fever

The risks of a high fever are that it can _____ proteins & disrupt ____

Proteins, metabolism

The 3 stages of fever are:

Onset (chills), Stadium (steady high temp), Defervescence (sweating)