Gen-Bio-1-Midterms

The most basic unit of life, composed of a cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus.

Cells

Cells produce new cells of the same kind through cell division.

Reproduction

Over time, cell divisions change an organism's form from simple to complex.

Development

Cells change their physical position to interact with the environment and survive.

Movement

Cells react accordingly when they encounter other organisms or objects in their environment.

Responsiveness

Cells utilize energy obtained from their diet for daily activities.

Metabolism

Cells maintain a stable internal environment in the face of changing external conditions.

Homeostasis

Cells are made up of smaller units called organelles that perform specific functions.

Organization

All lifeforms contain information in the form of genes that allow them to pass on their traits to their offspring.

Presence of genes

Cells with better adaptations have a higher chance of surviving.

Evolution

Coined the term "cells" and compared cells to the cells of a dead cork plant.

Robert Hooke

Observed many cells and organisms under a microscope.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Proposed that all plants and animals are made up of cells.

Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann

Proposed that cells arise from pre-existing cells through cell division.

Robert Remak

Popularized the phrase "Omnis cellula e cellula" and contributed to the cell theory.

Rudolf Carl Virchow

The first cell to exist.

Protobiont

The process by which most cells divide to produce new cells.

Mitosis

Energy flows within cells, cells contain genetic material that can be passed on, and the activity of an organism depends on the activity of individual cells.

Modern Cell Theory

An arrangement or organization of parts to form an organ, system, or living thing.

Structure

The activity, role, value, or purpose of a part, activity, or trait of an organism.

Function

Controls the passage of cell contents into and out of the cell, composed of cholesterol, carbohydrates, and membrane proteins.

Plasma membrane

A rigid layer that gives protection, support, and shape to the cell.

Cell Wall

Fills the space between the nucleus and cell membrane, composed of cytosol.

Cytoplasm

Storehouse of genetic information in the form of DNA, directs all activities of the cell.

Nucleus

Interconnected network of thin and folded membranes, involved in lipid production and protein synthesis.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Layered stacks of membrane-enclosed spaces, processes, sorts, and delivers proteins.

Golgi Apparatus

Aid in transporting materials within the cell.

Vesicles

Fluid-filled sacs for storage of materials needed by the cell.

Vacuoles

Round-shaped and membrane-bound structures that contain enzymes for breaking down damaged or worn-out cell parts.

Lysosomes

Small vesicles that contain digestive and oxidative enzymes.

Peroxisomes

The ability to do work or cause change.

Energy

Bean-shaped organelles with two membranes that process chemical reactions, convert food into ATP, have their own ribosomes and DNA, and are known as the powerhouse of the cell.

Mitochondria

Organelles specialized for photosynthesis in eukaryotic cells, containing the internal thylakoid membrane system, converting solar energy into chemical energy, containing chlorophyll, and having their own DNA.

Plastids/Chloroplasts

_________ are cylinder-shaped organelles made of microtubules arranged in a ring, while the _________ serves as the main microtubule organizing centre.

Centrioles and Centrosome

Hair-like appendages that allow cells to move like oars, are located on the epithelial cells of internal organs.

Cilia

True or False

• The human body is made

  up of 270 different types

  of cells.

False

• The human body is made

  up of 210 different types of cells

Whiplike or tail-like organelles that allow cells to "swim," occur in bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes.

Flagella

The cell's flexible network of framework that serves as the anchor of organelles, helps the cell reorganize its contents, and directs the cell's movement.

Cytoskeleton

__________ are simple cells found in organisms like Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, while __________ are complex cells found in organisms like mice and humans.

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

Groups of cells with similar structures, and function together as a unit in the multicellular animal body.

Animal Tissue

Tissues that form the covering of body surfaces, line body cavities and hollow organs, and perform functions like protection, secretion, absorption, and sensory reception.

Epithelial Tissues

Tissues that bind structures together, form a framework and support for organs, store fat, transport substances, protect against disease, and help repair tissue damage.

Connective Tissues

Tissue with a loose arrangement of fibers and cells within a gel-like ground substance, providing support and cushioning to organs.

Loose Connective Tissue

Tissue with a dense arrangement of collagen fibers, making it strong and resistant to stretching.

Dense Connective Tissue

Tough and flexible connective tissue that provides structural support, helps maintain the shape of body parts, and acts as a cushion between bones in joints.

Cartilage

Tissue responsible for movement, stability, and generating force in the human body.

Muscular Tissue

What are the 4 types of Animal Tissues?

1. Epithelial Tissues

2. Connective Tissues

3. Muscle Tissues

4. Nervous Tissue

Attached to bones by tendons and under voluntary control, responsible for voluntary movements.

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

Blood Vessels

A. Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

B. Simple Squamous Epithelium

C. Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

B

Found in the walls of internal organs, blood vessels, and other structures, with involuntary and slow contractions.

Smooth Muscle Tissue

Kidney Tubules

A. Simple Squamous Epithelium

B. Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

C. Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

B

L: secretory glands, retina of the

eye, taste buds of the tongue,

ears, male urethra.

A. Simple Squamous Epithelium

B. Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

C. Stratified Columnar Epithelium

C

Found in the heart, striated like skeletal muscle but also branched and interconnected, responsible for involuntary contractions of the heart.

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

L: linings in the kidney, bladder, ureter.

A. Simple Squamous Epithelium

B. Transitional Epithelium

C. Stratified Columnar Epithelium

B

Tissue found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves responsible for coordinating and controlling body activities.

Nervous tissue

Cells in nervous tissue that generate and conduct electrical nerve impulses.

Neurons

Part of a neuron that receives signals from other neurons.

Dendrites

cells that provide

structure in the brain.

Glia

Basic cells that can be found in the nervous tissue are called?

Neurons and glial cells

Part of a neuron that transmits signals to other neurons or muscle cells.

Axon

Are specialized or modifications re-acquired by the cell

after cell division that helps the cells in different beneficial

ways.

Cell Modifications

Modifications on the surface of cells that aid in specialized tasks.

Apical Modification

Hair-like structures on the cell surface that are involved in movement and adhesion.

Cilia

True or False

• Singular noun of Cilia is cilium

True

What are the 2 types of cilia?

Two types:

a. Primary cilia

b. Motile cilia

Commonly found on mammalian cells.

F: signaling and detecting stimuli

Primary cilia

Move in a coordinated manner

- F: moves substances

Motile cilia

Tail-like structures on the cell surface that are involved in movement.

Flagella

True or False

• Cilia move in a sweeping motion.

True

Used in cell locomotion.

- They move in wavelike (undulating) motion.

Flagella

are finger-like projections that arise from the epithelial layer in some organs.

Villi

Small protrusions on the cell membrane that increase surface area for absorption.

Microvilli

Temporary extensions of the cytoplasm used for locomotion and feeling.

Pseudopods

Modifications found on the basal surface

of the cell.

Basal modification

Proteins and other cell material used for communication between cells.

Extracellular matrix

form a bridge between the epithelial cells and the extracellular matrix of another tissue.

F: contributes to the attachment of epithelial cells to the underlying basement membrane.

Hemidesmosomes

Modifications on the sides of cells that allow intercellular connections, that can be found between apical and basal surfaces.

Lateral Modification

Cellular junctions seal neighbouring cells together to prevent the leakage of molecules.

Tight Junctions

Cellular junctions connect neighbouring cells but do not seal them, allowing flexibility. Connects the cytoskeleton (actin microfilaments) of two adjacent cells.

Adhering Junctions

A lateral modification can be found in the intestinal walls and kidneys.

Tight Junction

Cellular junctions that allow passage of small water-soluble ions and molecules for communication and transfer. Connects the cytoplasm of two adjacent cells.

Gap Junctions

Connect the cytoskeleton (intermediate filaments) of two adjacent cells.

Desmosomes

Series of steps during which cells replicate and divide to create two daughter cells.

Cell cycle

What are the 2 parts of the Cell cycle?

Interphase and M phase.

A way to produce new individuals.

CELL DIVISION

Its purpose is for growth and development, production of gametes, and repair of tissues or organs.

Cell division

DNA

A. made of two identical sister chromatids

B. molecule that carries genetic information

C. tips of the chromosome

b

Chromosome

A. made of two identical sister chromatids

B. molecule that carries genetic information

C. tips of the chromosome

A

Chromatids

A. made of two identical sister chromatids

B. are joined at the centromere.

C. unraveled condensed structure of DNA to form chromosome

b

Chromatin

A. made of two identical sister chromatids

B. are joined at the centromere.

C. unraveled the condensed structure of DNA to form chromosome

c

Condensed

A. tips of chromosome

B. molecule that carries genetic information

C. long thin chromatin strands into compact chromosomes

c

Telomere

A. tips of chromosome

B. molecule that carries genetic information

C. long thin chromatin strands into compact chromosomes

a

It is longer than the M phase. Considered as the resting stage between cell divisions.

Cell Cycle: Interphase

Cell growth; replication of DNA;

Protein and RNA synthesis.

G1 phase

Replication of DNA;

Centrosome duplication.

S phase

Duplication of organelles;

protein synthesis; preparation

of cell division.

G2 phase

To avoid errors, internal ________ are established in the cell cycle. These checkpoints look for errors. If errors are detected, they will need to be corrected, or the cell may die.

checkpoints

The orderly programmed cell death or suicide.

APOPTOSIS

This type of cell division produces two identical cells with the same number of chromosomes.

Cell Cycle: M Phase

True or False

• Organisms grow by the addition of cells

True