Changing Places Pack 3

Keswick in the 1900s (4)

Keswick's main function was as a market town serving the local agricultural area of Allerdale.

55% of population worked in primary sector, mainly agriculture.

25% employed in secondary industry, pencil factory

20% in tertiary industry, financial services and education and health

Keswick in 1960 (3)

Primary sector declined to 25% with mechanization and other technological improvements reducing the need for labor.

Secondary industry rose to 45%.

Tertiary grew to 30% of the economy

Keswick in 2016 (3)

Primary is only 5%    

Secondary is only 10%                                    

Tertiary sector now 80%         

What is a Kondratiev wave

These show how a new disruptive technology causes huge economic change, prosperity but then recession.

What are the Kondratiev Waves (5)

• K1 - Early mechanization in 1770s to 1830s

• K2 - Steam power and railway in 1830s to 1880s

• K3 - Electrical and heavy engineering in 1890s to 1940s

• K4 - Fordist mass production in 1940s to 1990s

• K5 - Digital ITC in 1990s to 2020 and onwards

Cardiff, 2nd Kondratiev wave (6)

Steam power was invented and gave rise to a growth in factories. Cardiff was ideally placed as it was near South Wales coal mines and iron mines and a port, it just needed improvements in transport. Docks and railways were built, Cardiff became the largest coal exporting port in the world. This meant it was ideally placed to become an exporter of manufactured goods too. Railways were built linking Cardiff to the docks and the rest of the growing British railway network in order to move goods around the country. 2nd Marquess of Bute gave capitol to invest. Opened the first Bute dock in 1839. People also came from Ireland during the potato famine, as well as West Wales, Gloucestershire and Somerset.

Cardiff 2nd Kondratiev Wave Impacts (7)

1801: 1,870 population                

1901: 164,333 

Rapid development led to overcrowding - especially around Spotlands and Newton where poor Irish fled to escape famine. Also a large industrial legacy in Cardiff even though much of the industry has now declined.                                     

The houses close to the city center are closely packed together.

Typically 2 bedroom houses which are unsuitable for modern families.                                  

Terraced housing.                       

Road congestion as roads not planned for cars.                

Ebbw Vale industry growth (2)

Ebbw Vale was historically a major industrial town built around coal mining and steel production.

Ebbw Vale steelworks was one of the largest in Europe

Ebbw Vale deindustrialization (3)

In 2002 it was closed down due to government banning coal mining.

16,000 jobs lost - high levels of unemployment.

Led to out migration of young skilled workers.

Ebbw Vale regeneration

Development of The Works - a major regeneration project including education (Coleg Gwent Campus),  leisure facilities, new business space.                                                          

  Improved connectivity via the Ebbw Vale railway line reopening in 2008.         

London Docklands Regeneration Causes - Counterurbanization

Counter-urbanization

• Creation of new towns e.g. Milton Keynes in 1967 which was designed to take the "overspill population" from London 50 miles away

• Green belt creation in 1947 forced expansion to move further out

London Docklands Regeneration Impacts - Economic

Economic

• 12,000 jobs lost in docking, 100,000 lost in factories due to technological advancements

• 60% of adult men unemployed in 1981

London Dockland Regeneration Improvements - Economic

Economic                 

•  Enterprise Zone created by government with tax breaks for companies to incentivize them to move to area                     

• Over £10bn of private investment attracted

• Canary wharf now provides 120,000 jobs

• London City airport made to improve connectivity for business travel

• HOWEVER, jobs required high skill so local unemployment persisted.  Economic benefits were also concentrated so areas like Tower Hamlets still deprived.

London Docklands Regeneration Causes - Technology

Technology

• Containerization: Between 1967 and 1981, all of London's docks closed. Goods arriving now came in big containers which are loaded and unloaded by cranes onto lorries so many of the dock workers were no longer needed, leading to unemployment.

London Dockland Regeneration Causes - Globalization

Globalization

• Competition from Rotterdam in the Netherlands which overtook London, as Europe's largest port as it was more modern and accessible/could cope with containers.

 

London Docklands Regeneration Causes - Deindustrialization

De-industrialization

• Manufacturing moved elsewhere once the docks disappeared. Many companies closed or relocated to cheaper locations

• Multiplier effect meant lack of investment and out migration as well as unemployment led to derelict buildings and lack of services

London Dockland Regeneration Impacts - Social

Social

• Population fell significantly as 18% of people moved away

• Life expectancy became 7 years lower in East London than Westminster

• Job losses led to widespread poverty.

London Dockland Regeneration Improvements - Environmental

Environmental

• 1000 hectares of derelict land left unused

• Abandoned docks and warehouses

• Air quality did improve

London Docklands Regeneration Improvements - Social

Social

• 2,700 new homes built

• Contributions to 5 new health centers

• 11 new primary schools and 2 secondary schools

• Docklands Tech College  to train people with office skills

• Docklands Light Railway and Jubilee line extension

• HOWEVER, house prices were too high for low income people

London Docklands Regeneration Improvements - Environmental

Environmental

• 1884 acres of derelict land reclaimed

• 144km of new and improved roads