The presidency review

Divided Government

Occurs when one party controls the presidency while the opposing party controls one or both chambers of Congress, often leading to legislative gridlock.

Unified Government

When the same party controls the presidency and both chambers of Congress; often thought to ensure easier passage of legislation, but intra-party divisions can disrupt this.

Electoral College

The system by which the U.S. elects its president; states are allocated electors based on congressional representation, using a winner-take-all method in most states.

Executive Order

A directive issued by the president that has the force of law without congressional approval.

Executive Agreement

An international agreement made by the president without Senate ratification, usually related to foreign policy.

Signing Statement

Comments made by the president upon signing a bill, indicating how the law will be enforced or interpreted.

22nd Amendment

Limits the president to two terms, preventing indefinite rule and reinforcing the democratic transition of power.

Bully Pulpit

The president's use of media and public speeches to influence public opinion and pressure Congress.

Standard Veto

The president rejects a bill, which can only be overridden by a two-thirds majority in both houses of Congress.

Pocket Veto

If Congress adjourns within 10 days of sending a bill and the president takes no action, the bill dies.

Lame Duck President

A president in their final months of office who has reduced influence due to a shift in focus to the incoming administration.

Presidential Approval Ratings

Influenced by factors such as economic conditions, foreign policy crises, and scandals.

Federalist No. 70

Argued for a strong, energetic executive to ensure accountability, defend against threats, and enforce laws efficiently.

Legislative Gridlock

A situation where the president finds it difficult to pass legislation due to opposition control in Congress.

Intra-party Divisions

Disagreements within a political party that can prevent a truly unified agenda.

Media Influence

The way media can shape public perception and influence the effectiveness of a president.