ANTR 350 MSU Exam 1 (Lindsey)

In-Class Lecture 1: Introduction to Anatomy Lecture 9/4

Define gross anatomy

Naming and descibing relationships between structures of the body that can be seen with the naked eye.

Define anatomical position

Refers to a pose where the body is standing erect (upright), feet together, with eyes facing forward, arms by the side, and palms facing forward.

Patient's Perspective

Always describe as if we are looking from the patient's perspective.

Where is the arm?

Between the shoulder and elbow.

Where is the leg?

Between the kneecap and ankle.

Anterior (Ventral)

Front of the body; Sternum is anterior to the spine.

Posterior (Dorsal)

back of body; The buttocks are posterior and the umbilicus is anterior

Definition of Midline

Divides the body into left and right halves.

Medial

closer to the midline

Lateral

away from the midline

Proximal

Closer to the trunk (referring to limbs); The toes are distal to the ankle.

Distal

Opposite of Proxmial (Refers to limbs); The toes are distal to the ankle.

Superior

Closer to head

Inferioor

Toward the feet

Superficial

Surface of the skin (Superficial)

Deep

deeper in the body

a. Cephalic

Head

b. Buccal

Cheek

c. Cervical

Neck

d. Acromial

Shoulder

e. Axillary

Armpit

f. Brachial

Arm

g. Antebrachial

Forearm

h. Palmar

Palm

i. Mammary

Breasts

j. Sternal

Breastbone

k. Abdominal

Abdomen

l. Pelvic

Pelvis

m. Inguinal

Groin

n. Femoral

Thigh

o. Crural

Leg

p. Pedal

Feet

q. Lumbar Loin (lower back)

r. Gluteal

Buttock

s. Popliteal

Back of Knee (Dorsal)

t. Sural

Calf

Plantar

Sole

Sagittal

A plane that divides the body into right and left portions.

parasagittal plane

Divides body into unequal right and left sides

midsagittal plane

divides the body into equal right and left sides

frontal (coronal) plane

divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

transverse (horizontal) plane

divides the body into superior and inferior parts

oblique plane

passes through the body at an angle

Right Upper Quadrant

Right Kidney, gallbladder, most of the liver, part of the stomach, part of the pancreas, and parts of the small and large intestines.

Left Upper Quadrant

Spleen, left kidney, most of the stomach, left lobe of the liver, part of the pancreas, and parts of the small and large intestines.

Right Lower Quadrant

contains parts of the small and large intestine including the appendix and cecum, ureter, and part of the bladder when full. The right ovary, uterine tube, and part of the uterus (if enlarged) are also present in females.

Left Lower Quadrant

contains parts of the small and large intestine, the left ureter, and part of the bladder when full. The left ovary, uterine tube, and part of the uterus (if enlarged) are also present in females.

what planes make up the 9 abdominal regions?

Left and Right Midclavicular planes, subcostal plane, and supracristal plane.

ventral body cavity (refer to notes)

Define tissue

group of cells that are similar in structure and function; cardiac muscles

Define organ

A group of tissues that perform a specific function or group of functions.; your heart

Organ system

group of organs that work together to perform a specific function; digestive system (includes stomach, small intestine, liver, etc)

What are the 4 principle tissues?

Connective, Muscle, Nervous, Epithelial.

What is the function of epithelial tissue?

Forms two surfaces: apical and basolateral. Causes a polarization which translates to an environment for movement of nutrients between the two surfaces. Critical for homeostasis.

Where is epithelial tissue found?

Covering and lining epithelium forms the outer layer of the skin (epidermis), dips into and lines the open cavities of the cardiovascular, digestive, and respiratory systems, and covers the walls of organs of the closed ventral body cavity. Glandular epithelium fashions the glands of the body.

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

Skeletal (Voluntary), Smooth (Involuntary), Cardiac (Involuntary).

Skeletal Muscle (Voluntary)

Allows us to choose when and how to move. Everywhere in the body.

Smooth Muscle (Involuntary)

They provide motor power for regulating the internal environment related to digestion, circulation, secretion, and excretion

Found in the stomach, intestines, blood vessels.

Cardiac Muscle (Involuntary)

Exists only in the heart; helps pump blood

Glia

cells found throughout the nervous system that provide various types of support for neurons

Neurons

Individual cells in the nervous system that receive, integrate, and transmit information.

What is the function of connective tissue?

Framework of the body. Provides support and structure to organs.

What are two types of connective tissue?

Loose (Hyaline Cartilage) = Flexible

Dense (Ligament) = Inflexible

Intergumentary system

Major organs: skin, hair, sweat glands, nails; Protection, defense, and regulation of body temperature.

Endocrine System

Consists of glands that control many of the body's activities by producing hormones.

Reproductive System

system of organs involved in producing offspring

nervous system

the network of nerve cells and fibers that transmits nerve impulses between parts of the body. (brain, spinal cord, nerves)

Immune/Lymphatic System

Helps protect the body from disease; collects fluid lost from blood vessels and returns it to the circulatory system

circulatory system

Transports oxygen, waste, nutrients, hormones, heat, etc... around the body (heart, blood)

respiratory system

A system of organs, functioning in the process of gas exchange between the body and the environment, consisting especially of the nose, nasal passages, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.

urinary system

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra; filtration of blood and wastes.

musculoskeletal system

the system of bones and skeletal muscles that support and protect the body and permit movement

digestive system

Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells.

mediastinum cavity

contains the pericardial cavity, and surrounds the remaining thoracic organs

pericardial cavity

contains the heart; located inside the mediastinum

parietal layer

lines the internal surface of the body wall (part of the balloon that touches the bowl)

visceral layer

covers an organ; part of organ that is touching your fist

serous cavity

potential space between membranes (air inside of the balloon)

Serous Membranes of Ventral Body Cavity (Identify)

How are skeletal muscles named?

size, shape, location, direction of muscle fiber, attachment, number of attachments, action

Action

Flexor carpi ulnaris = flexes the wrist; Extensor Digitorum = extends the fingers

Shape

Trapezius, Rhombus

Size

Rhomboid Major, Rhomboid Minor

Location

Biceps brachii (in the arm); Quadriceps femoris (in the thigh

Fiber Orientation

Rectus = Straight Lines; Oblique = angled

Number of Heads

biceps, triceps, quadriceps

Attachment

Sternohyoid attaches the sternum and hyoid bone; Infraspinatus attaches the infraspinous fossa of the scapula

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

support, protection, movement, storage, blood cell formation; serves as attachment sites for adjusting posture of head, neck, trunk, expand thoracic cage, stabilize appendicular skeleton.

Long Bone

Phalanges that form the fingers, toes, humerus of arm, and femur of leg.

Short Bone

carpals and tarsals (cube in shape)

Flat Bone

thin and curved bone; serves as a point of attachment for muscles and protects internal organs; cranial vault, sternum, sternum and ribs.

Sesamoid Bone

small, round bone embedded in a tendon; protects the tendon from compressive forces; patella or knee cap

Irregular

not following a pattern; not regular; verterae, ethmoid, sphenoid bone, and ox coxae (hip bones)

Structure of a Long Bone

Outside -> In

Periosteum -> Compact -> Spongy Bone -> Endosteum -> Trabeculae -> Marrow

intramembranous ossification

process by which bone forms directly from membrane to bone. Forms flat bones such as parietals, occipatals, and frontal bones.

endochondral ossification

Mesenchymal cells form -> Cartilaginous model -> Ossfies as bone replaces cartilage. (commonly happens to long bones) (refer to notes)

steps of endochondral ossification

1. Fetal hyaline cartilage model forms

2. Cartilage calcifies & bone collar forms around diaphysis

3. Primary ossification forms inside diaphysis

4. Secondary ossification centers form inside epiphyses

5. Bone replaces cartilages as diaphysis grows in length-epiphyseal plates are open

6. Epiphyseal plates close-growth is complete.

osteoproginator cells

comes from red bone marrow (embryonic messenchymal cells) and are able to differentiate into osteoblasts or osteoclasts

located close to the periosteum and endosteum

Osteoblasts

Bone building cells