Studied by 26 people
who was paul miyukov?
a liberal Kadet leader who became foreign minister for the PG
who was prince lvov?
a figure head for the PG
who was lenin?
leader of the bolsheviks
what significan thing does prince lvov do ?
ends the battle between the PG and the Soviet
who was kerensky?
only socialists in both PG and the soviet
later becomes 2nd prime minster of Russia
who was alexander guchkov?
a liberal and minster of war
how was Russia governed after the abdication of tsar nicholas II
by dual power between the Petrograd soviet and the provisional government
what group was the first constitutional defiance of the tsar and why =?
the provisonal government as it was made up of 12 duma memebrs who refused to accept the dissolution of the duma
why did the provisional governemnt have limited power?
it lacked legitimate authority as it was not an elected body- effectively a rebellious committee
what did the PG gain after the abdication?
they ‘inherited’ authority
what was the Petrograd soviet a reincarnation of?
the St Peterburg soviet
what did the Petrograd soviet begin as?
a meeting of militant workers and soldiers
what did the Petrograd soviet become?
a representative council for factories and military units in petrograd
how many members did the Petrograd soviet have?
300
what sort of aims did the Petrograd soviet have
moderate and liberal w
what political group initially dominated the Petrograd soviet ?
the mensheviks
how many workers did one representative represent in the Petrograd soviet?
1,000
how many soldiers did every representative represent in the Petrograd soviet ?
250 / one batallion
what group was over represented in the Petrograd soviet ?
the Petrograd garrison with 2/3 of the membership
how long did a representative in the Petrograd soviet serve for and why ?
no fixed term- recalled andf replaced at any time- to reflect political ideas in Russia constantly fluctuating
what was the executive committee?
the group of professional revolutionaries that decided the policies of the Petrograd soviet
what social group had an affinity with the SRS to cause them to be part of the Petrograd soviet?
peasant conscripts
what social group had an affinity with the mensheviks to cause them to be part of the Petrograd soviet? ?
capitalist trade unionists
who was the most influential figiure in early 1917?
irakli tsereteli
who was irakli tsereteli?
a former duma member, menshevik in the petrograd soviet
what role did the Petrograd soviet gain?
monitoring of the PG so it didnt overstep its authority/ abuse its authority
what actions of the petrograd soviet started to trigger the PG ? x3
assumed command of the petrograd garisson
took over responsibility of the capitals affairs
involved itself in foreign policy issues
why could the PG not stop the Petrograd soviets advances in power?
it would have refelctd autocracy and repression of the tsarist regime
why was conflict with the Petrograd soviet a problem for the PG?
it undermined its authority
what did the PG do to increase its political legimtamacy ? x2
planned to hold elections for the constituent assembly to make it democratic and legitimate
issued small reforms to get people on side
why did the PGs plan for political legitamacy fail?
they did not hold constituent assembly elections fast enough allowing the Petrograd soviet and bolsheviks to gain power
how did the first world war impact dual power?
it increased tensions between PG and Petrograd soviet due to differing ideologies towards russias war effort and involvement
what did the PG want in regards to ww1 and why?
to continue fighting as they considered it at matter of duty to Russia allies and through withdrawal would threaten her stability
what did the Petrograd soviet in regards to the war?
wanted to end the war by means of a comprimise peace negotiation.
what area of land did russsia loose in early 1917?
all territory in poland killing millions of russian soldiers
against whom and where did Guchkov launch an offensive 2 months into dual power?
Austro Hungarians in Galacia
where did the PG have little control ?
rural russia
what did the soviet publish in march 1917?
‘an appeal to all the peoples of the world’
what policy was set out in ‘an appeal to all the peoples of the world’
revolutionary defencism
what was the policies of revolutionary defencism
russia would not make a seperate peace negotiation with russia
russia would not seek to make territorial gains at the expense of other countires
Russia would continue to defend its territory unitl a peace negotiation was reached
what campaign put the PG and the soviet on a collision course ?
a campaign to get the PG to endorse revolutionary defencism
what did milyukov want?
russia to fight until a conclusive victory
what ahd been agreed that russia would gain if it won the war- that milyukov wanted?
control of the sea between the black sea and the mediterranean
why were the declaration of war aims produced
other than milyukov the PG favoured a comprimise with he soviet
what were the war aims
official version of the apeal to all the peoples of the world
what does the declaration of war aims highlight?
the PG and the soviet getting along :)
what did milyuvok do with the decalration of war aims
he sent them out along with a personal telegram
what did miyukov’s personla telegram state
distanced himself from revolutionary defencism stating that russia would fight till ‘a conclusive victory ‘
when milyukovs telegram was leaked what was the rection form soviet memebers and supporters?
accused milyukov of betrayl and demanded his resignation
when milyukovs telegram was leaked what happened in the streets of russian cities?
clashes between pro-milyukov and soviet supporters resulting in bloodshed
what did prince lvov do in the milyukov crisis
appealed to the soviet to take leadership roles in his newly reconstructed PG
what was the impact of the milyukov crisis?
highlighted the PGs unwillingness to work with the petrograd soviet and angerd russians as the actions of milyukov relfected the autocratic nature of the tsarist regime
who helped lennin return to russia and why
germany as they believed he would be a destabilising influence to russian politics
when did lenin first return to russia
march 1917
what did lenin suggests on his return in March 1917 ?
the marxist transition between capitalism and communism could be shrunk into a matter of months
what was a reason for lenins success in popularity?
the sudden increase in bolshevik supporters who were working class and radical so cared little for specifics of marxist theory and prefered lenins desisive nature
how mnay bolshviks were there in february 1917 compared to in april 1917?
feb- 25,000
april- 75,000
what did some people suspect lenin of due to hpow he arrived in russia in march 1917
that he was a german spy
what was lenins slogan in his april thesis?
lan, bread and peace
what political side was lenin atempting to influence in his april thesis ?
left wing petrograd citizens
why did lenin state ‘peace’ as one of his policies x2
there was a large anti-war feeling in in russia especially in cities that were struggling from inflation
milyukov crisis had undermined the claim of revolutionary defencism
why did lenin state ‘land’ as one of his policies
the PG had put off dealing with land reform
what was lenins sogam for land refrom?
all land to the peasantry
what did the PG state a disordely peasant land grab would result in as their reason for not dealin woth the issue?
unfair distribution of land seizures and enouraged army dissertions
what does lenins policy on land reforms show?
his willingness to bend his ideologies and principles in order to gain support - socilalists were opposed to private ownership
what did lenin argue in regards to who should run russian politics
the key institution in Russian politics should be Soviets elected by workers and soldiers rather than a democratically elected parliament
howmuch of a sucess was the april thesis?
not an instant success but it did cause a gradual movement towards bolshevik ideas and lenins influence grew greatly
what areas did lenin win over after his april thesis?
his party, soviets, workers, peasants and soliders (so could be argued it was a sucess as these were the areas he was targeting)
why was lenins arrival a turning point for the bolsheviks
they were no longer willing to work with other reformist partys
when was the june offensive?
june 18
who did russia attack in the june offensive and where? x3
german and austrian counterparts along a 120 mile front in the southern battle zone
why was the june offensive an unexpected decision by kerensky?
the army war war weary and had low morale
how big was the army dissertion pre the june offensive?
100,000 men feb-june
4x reasons for the june offensive
reluctant to break nov. 1916 agreement with allies to launch a coordinated attack
vicotry would give russia leverage to get plans for europe wide peace negotiations back on track
kerensky had visions for leading russia to victory
generals saw it as a was to increase army moral ( if a victory was won )
how did the june ofensive go initally ?
successfull as germnay made terrtorial gains
why was the june offensive a faliure?
germans advanced 150 miles into russian territory within a week
left plans for revolutionary defencism in tatters
what was the impact of the june offensive on opposition to the PG?
increased attraction for bolsheviks
what happened on the 20th june 1917?
first machine gun regiment refused to join the june offensive stating they had to stay and defend the revoltuion
who supported the first machine gun regiment in the july days? x3
the petrograd garisson and the Vyborgs radical factory workers and mid level bolshekvik activists
What hapepend on the 3rd july 1917
soldiers and workers took to the streets caling for power to be handed opver to the soviets
how did the bolsheviks escalate the actions of the first machine gun regimen inot an all out protest
pursuaded soldiers and civillians that the time had come to overthrow the gov.
what did the events of the 3rd of july highlight?
unrest throughout the capital as it took little persuasion to create a large movement
who joined the july says movment on the 4th july?
200,000 kronstadt sailors who were militant and fearless
how many armed people surrounded the Tauride palace on the 4th july?
50,000
how did the july days end?
Lenin appealed for calm as he realised that the bolsheviks were not in a position to hold onto power if they succeeded
What happened on the 5th july?
the PG sent a large troop of loyal soldiers into petrograd to restore order
how mnay bolsheviks were arrested in the july days?
500
what hapened to lenin after the july days?
he fled
what happened to the red gaurds after the july days
had weapons taken away
what did the july days highlight( negative for oppostion) ? x2
the PG had not full lost control of the army
the bolsheviks looked weak and unorganised
why was kerensky unpopular? x3
failed to solve the economic crisis
continued the war
indecisive
when did prince lvov resign as prime minister
7th july
why did kerensky become prime minister?
peple believed he was the man who could save the revolution as he had played a role in preventing a bolshevik take over in july
why did kerensky find it hard to put together a new government? x5
wanted a liberal-socialst coalition
kadets had little faith that kerensky would be willing to take action gaianst socialst opposition
SRs split into moderates and left-wing with 40% left wing ( pro bolshevik)
mensheviks split with an antiwar faction emerging
kadets refused to serve alongside SR leader Chernov but SRs would not sever without Chernov
what was weak about kernskys governemnt? x2
it had a narrow base of support and many political heavyweights were not involved such as Guchkov, milyukov and Tsereteli
how did the power of the soviets impact industry in russia?
in early 1917:
trade union memebrship increased
factory committees emerged
what ended up hapening to the factory committees
bolsheviks infiltrated them
what did workers do with their new found legal voice via trade unions?
demanded 8hr day and pay rise to keep up with inflation
by how much did wokers wages rise in early 1917?
x2
why could employers not dispute the demands of workers in 1917 =?
there was no tsarist police force
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