APHG Unit 4 Terms

stopped after 4.5 (UNCLOS added)

State

1. has a defined boundary

2. contains a permanent population

3. maintains sovereignty

4. is recognized

Sovereignty

the owner of a political unit, or government, to rule over it’s own affaris

Nation

a group of people who have certain things in common (ex. common cultural heritage, beliefs/values, traditional claim to land…)

Nation-States

a nation of people who fulfill the qualifications of a state

Multinational States

a country that contains more than one nation

Autonomous Region

a defined area within a state that has a high degree of self-government and freedom from it’s parent state

semiautonomous regions

a state that has a degree of, but not complete self-rule

Stateless Nations

a cultural group that has no independent political entitity

Multistate Nation

when a nation has a state of it’s own but stretches across borders of other states.

Centripetal Force

one that helps to unify people within a country

Centrifugal Force

one that tends to divide people

Imperialism

a broader concept that includes a variety of way of influencing another country or group of people by direct conquest, economic control, or cultural dominance

Colonialism

a type of imperialism in which people move into and settle on the land of another country

Devolution

the process in which one or more regions are given increased autonomy by the central political unit

choke point

a place of physical congestion between wider regions of movement and interaction

Physical geographic boundaries

natural barriers between areas such as oceans, desserts, and mountains.

cultural boundaries

these divide people according to some cultural division, such as language, religion, or ethnicity.

the four political boundaries

1. antecedent

2. subsequent

3. superimposed

4. relic

Antecedent boundary

a boundary established before a large population was present

subsequent boundary (ethnographic)

a boundary drawn to accommodate religious, ethnic, linguistic, or economic differences

Superimposed boundary

A boundary drawn by outside powers

Relic boundary

a boundary that no longer exists but is still evident on the landscape

geometric boundary

a straight line or arc drawn by people that does not closely follow ay physical feature

Consequent boundary

a type of subsequent boundary that takes into account existing cultural or physical landscapes

Open boundary

an unguarded boundary that people can cross easily, with limited or no political intervention

Militarized boundary

a boundary that is heavily guarded and discourages crossing

DEFINED boundary

is established by a legal document that divides one entity from another (invisible line)

DELIMITED boundary

is drawn on a map by a cartographer to show the limits of a space

DEMARCATED boundary

one that is identified by physical objects placed on the landscape (sign, fences, walls…)

Definitional boundary dispute

occurs when 2 or more parties disagree over how to interpret the legal documents or maps that identify the boundary

Locational boundary dispute (territorial dispute)

Dispute that centers on where a boundary should be, how it is delimited, or demarcated

Irredentism

a type of expansionism when one country seeks to annex territory where it has cultural ties to a part of the population or historical claims to the land

Operational boundary dispute (functional dispute)

centers on how the boundary functions → disagreements can arise related to trade, transportation, or migration.

Allocational boundary dispute (resource dispute)

when a boundary separates natural recources that may be used by both countries

Demarcation

how a border is labeled on the physical landscape (such as with a fence, wall, stones, or signs)

Administered boundary

How a boundary will be maintained, how it will function, and what goods/people will be allowed to cross are important aspects of an _________

controlled boundary

boundaries that have checkpoints where a passport or visa a required to enter the country

Exclaves

territories that are part of a state, yet geographically separated from the main state by one or more countries

Political enclaves

states, territories, or parts of a state or territory that are completely surrounded by the territory of another state.

Shatterbelts

a place located between two very different and contentious regions

the scramble for Africa / Berlin Conference

A meeting held from 1884 to 1885 where 14 European nations divided Africa into colonies. It formalized European claims without any African representation, resulting in superimposed boundaries that ignored indigenous ethnic divisions.

Self Determination

a colony’s right to choose their own sovereign government without external infulence

Decolonization

the undoing of colonization, in which indigenous people reclaim sovereignty over their territory

Genocide

organized mass killings

Satellite States

a state dominated by another politically and economically

Territoriality

a willingness by a person or a group if people to defend space they claim

Globalization

less developed regions becoming dependant on more developed regions

Neocolonialism

indirect control where developed nations influence developing, formerly independent countries, often former colonies

what doss UNCLOS mean

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

When was UNCLOS

Between 1973 and 1982

UNCLOS (1): Territorial Sea

This area extends up to 12 nautical miles sovereignty where commercial vessels may pass, but noncommercial vessels may be challenged.

How big is a nautical mile

A nautical mile is equal to 1.15 land-measured miles

UNCLOS (2): Contiguous zone

coastal states have limited sovereignty for up to 24 nautical miles, where they can enforce laws on customs, immigration and sanitation.

UNCLOS (3): Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)

Coastal states can explore, extract minerals, and manage natural resources up to 200 nautical miles

UNCLOS (4): High Seas

Water beyond any country’s EEZ that is open to all states

Nationalism

a nation’s desire to create and maintain a state of it’s own

Unitary state

Authority of government is held primarily but the central government with very little power given to local governments.

Federal State

Authority of government is shared between the central government and the provincial, state, and local governments.

Balkanization

the fragmentation of a state or region in to smaller, often hostile, units along ethno-linguistic lines.

Supranationalism

The practice of multiple countries forming an organization for the benefit of all members

Supranational Organizations: United Nations (UN)

• 1945

• 193 member countries (most of the world + 2 other non-member observer states)

• Mission: promotes peace, security, and human rights

• Headquarters: NYC

Supranational Organizations: North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

• 1949

• 30 member countries, including US, Canada, Iceland, most countries in western Europe and Turkey

• Mission: to provide mutual defense of member states

• Headquarters: Brussels, Belgium

Supranational Organizations: European Union (EU)

• 1993

• 27 member countries, mostly countries in western and central Europe

• Mission: to integrate member states politically and economically

• Headquarters: Brussels, Belguim

Supranational Organizations: United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA)

• 2020

• formerly NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) [1994-2019]

• 3 member states, United States, Canada, Mexico

• Mission: To stimulate free trade among members

• Headquarters: Washington DC, Mexico City, Ottawa Canada.

Supranational Organizations: Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

• 1967

• 10 member countries, those from Southeast Asia

• Mission: to advance economic growth, peace, social progress, and cultural and economic development in the region.

• Headquarters: Jakarta, Indonesia

Supranational Organizations: Arctic Council

• 1996

• 8 member countries, only countries with territory in the Arctic- Canada, Russia, U.S., and countries of northern Europe

• Mission: to foster cooperation, coordination, and interaction among the Arctic states with participation of Arctic indigenous communities.

• Headquarters: Tromso, Norway

Supranational Organizations: African Union

• 2002

• 55 member countries, which are all the countries in Africa (though some may be suspended)

• Mission: to advocate peace, security, and stability on the continent through greater cooperation, economic development, and global integration

• Headquarters: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia / Johannesburg, South Africa

Eurozone

the area consisting of European Union countries that have adopted the euro (€) as their common currency, facilitating easier trade and economic stability among member states.

Warsaw Pact

a military alliance of communist nations in Eastern Europe, formed in 1955 as a response to NATO, which included countries like the Soviet Union, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, East Germany, Romania, and Bulgaria. It aimed to consolidate the military power of member states.

Gerrymandering

the drawing of boundaries for political districts by the party in power to protect or increase its power

Where is the term “Gerrymandering” derived from

Massachusetts governor Elbridge Gerry (1744-1814)

Cracking districts

dispersing a group into several districts to prevent a majority

Packing districts

combining like-minded voters into one district to prevent them from affecting elections in other districts

Redistricting

State legislatures or state committees then redraw district boundaries so that each district contained roughly the same number of people

Reapportionment

changing the number of representatives granted to each state so it reflects the state’s population

Popular vote

an act of voting by the electorate of a country or area.

Ethnic cleansing

a purposeful policy designed by one ethnic or religious group to remove by violent or terror-inspiring means the civilian population of another ethnic or religious group from certain geographic areas

Subnationalism

a group of people who have a primary allegiance to a traditional group or ethnicity

ethononationalism

support for the political interests of a particular ethnic group within a state, especially it’s national independence or self-determination.

example of a nation

examples of a nation-state

examples of a state