Ch 24 alteration of cardiovascular function

thrombus

blood clot

can block blood vessels

embolus

mobile

something blocking blood vessels but not necessarily blood clots

thromboembolus

an embolus that is also a clot

DVT

deep vein thrombosis

clot is in deep parts of the vein

ususally in extremities

immobile pts

who are people most likely at risk for DVTs?

varicose vein

inoperable vein valves

thin layers of muscles

what do arteries have to help with spreading blood around the body?

Chronic Venous insufficiency

poor blood flow back in the heart

superior vena cava syndrome

lung cancer is associated

becomes blocked off

poor venous return and edema in upper extremities

hypertension

high blood pressure

chronic rise in systemic arterial blood pressuer

systole

active pump

causes elevation

top number in blood presure

diastole

relax

low number in blood pressure

primary hypertension

most common

can be episodic or chronic

combined systolic/diastolic BP elevation

not sure how it starts

renal system is involve

theories on primary hypertension

obesity

hypercholesteromia

sodium

pressure natriuresis relationship

less sodium in urine with high blood pressure

secondary hypertension

an explanation outside the circulatory system

isolated systolic hypertension

systolic BP >= 140 (normal or low diastolic)

main cause is aortal rididity

complicated hypertension

sustained primary hypertension

chronic

malignant hypertension

blood pressure shoot up very quickly

acute, rapidly developing

hypotension

low blood pressure

can cause shock

orthostatic postural hypotension

change position too quickly and light headed

usually happens with people who are immobile for a long time

aneurysm

more prone to rupture (fluid)

true aneurysm

balloon in the vessel

false aneurysm

clot makes the vessel look ballooned

embolism

foreign material in blood vessel

metasisis

buerger disease

feet and hands swell and look like gangrene

loss of function

men and smokers

who are at risk for buerger disease?

raynaud’s phenomenon

what can vasospasms cause

arteriosclerosis

hardening / thickening of the wall

atherosclerosis

fat / fibrin deposit in the wall

can have no problems prior and still have this

comes from dyslipidemia

starts with endothelial injury to vessel walls

dyslipidemia

abnormal concentration of lipids in the blood stream

can cause atherosclerosis

liver

foam cells

macrophages get stuffed with lipids and deposit in endothelium of the artery

can cause the artery to start narrowing

causes a ffatty streak in the vessels

fibrous plaque

very hard to get rid of when there

complete blockage

complicated plaque

clots being to form on plaque very quickly can cause stroke or a heart attack

peripheral artery disease

same as arterisclerosis but happens in the legs

cramping

coronary artery disease

any disease that blocks coronary arteries

can cause chronic ischemia

many risk factors

1/3 of all deaths in the US

dyslipidemia

atherosclerosis

what is the usual cause of CAD

myocardial infarct

what can be from chronic ischemia

no, found often in cell membranes

is cholesterol always bad?

LDL

outbound

process lipids more

HDL

input

chest pain

what can also come from coronary artery disease?

stable angina

angina pectoris

most common

can feel pain in other parts of the body suck as left hand and jaw pain

comes from activity

prinzmetal angina

irregular

Nervous system is more involved

happens when you are sleeping

silent angina

very mild to the point where it flies under the radar

yes

can stress cause chest pain?

acute coronary syndromes

MI results from emboli (trapped in coronary arteries)

presents with undatble angina

acute pericarditis

infectious disease that effects the heart wall

can result to pericardial effusion and tamponade

pericardial effusion

build up of too much fluid in the double layered saclike structure around the heart

tamponade

pressure on the heart that occurs when blood or fluids build up in space between the heart muscle and pericardium

constrictive pericarditis

fluid build up restricts heart to beat

stiffen and keep heart being able to flex

cardiomyopathy

enlarge heart muscle

makes walls thicker and more rigid than normal

usually idiopathic

dilated cardiomyopathy

heart muscle becomes weakened and enlarged

heart cannot pump enough blood to the body

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

increase in area

reduce volume of blood left ventricle can take in

constrictive cardiomyopathy

change in how the heart functions

causes heart to fill poorly or squeeze poorly

causes pulmonary edema

overflow of blood in lungs

valvular stenosis

hardening of the valve

valvular regurgitation

insufficiency

back flow from the valve

possible that 2 valves are fused together

mitral valve prolapse syndrome

blood flow completely flips to the other direction

infective endocarditis

mouth flora causes this

eat away at the heart valve

rheumatic heart disease

complication of strep pyogenesis

scarlet fever and strep

dysrhythmia

(arrhythmia

disruption of rhythmic activities in the heart

due to injury or the nervous system

Heart failure

heart cannot perfuse body with blood

organ does not get oxygenated blood

conjestive left heart failure

pump to arterial system

blood gets into the lungs

systolic heart failure

less ventricle is weak

flexing

HFrEF

HFrEF

Heart failure / reduce ejection

diastolic heart failure

when relaxed

HFpEF

HFpEF

heart failure sustained ejection

right heart failure

pump to lungs

noticeable distension in extremities

common to see

high output failure

blood is o2 and nutrient deprived

shock

sudden drop in blood pressure

can lead to MODS due to getting no blood

cardiogenic shock

impaired with being able to pump blood

hypovolemic shock

traumatic blood loss

spleen

neurogenic shock

something wrong with the nervous system

impaired NS does not do its job

anaphylactic shock

allergy response

histamine rises

septic shock

gram negative bacteria (endotoxins)

infectious diseases

microbes in the blood