Studied by 2 people
thrombus
blood clot
can block blood vessels
embolus
mobile
something blocking blood vessels but not necessarily blood clots
thromboembolus
an embolus that is also a clot
DVT
deep vein thrombosis
clot is in deep parts of the vein
ususally in extremities
immobile pts
who are people most likely at risk for DVTs?
varicose vein
inoperable vein valves
thin layers of muscles
what do arteries have to help with spreading blood around the body?
Chronic Venous insufficiency
poor blood flow back in the heart
superior vena cava syndrome
lung cancer is associated
becomes blocked off
poor venous return and edema in upper extremities
hypertension
high blood pressure
chronic rise in systemic arterial blood pressuer
systole
active pump
causes elevation
top number in blood presure
diastole
relax
low number in blood pressure
primary hypertension
most common
can be episodic or chronic
combined systolic/diastolic BP elevation
not sure how it starts
renal system is involve
theories on primary hypertension
obesity
hypercholesteromia
sodium
pressure natriuresis relationship
less sodium in urine with high blood pressure
secondary hypertension
an explanation outside the circulatory system
isolated systolic hypertension
systolic BP >= 140 (normal or low diastolic)
main cause is aortal rididity
complicated hypertension
sustained primary hypertension
chronic
malignant hypertension
blood pressure shoot up very quickly
acute, rapidly developing
hypotension
low blood pressure
can cause shock
orthostatic postural hypotension
change position too quickly and light headed
usually happens with people who are immobile for a long time
aneurysm
more prone to rupture (fluid)
true aneurysm
balloon in the vessel
false aneurysm
clot makes the vessel look ballooned
embolism
foreign material in blood vessel
metasisis
buerger disease
feet and hands swell and look like gangrene
loss of function
men and smokers
who are at risk for buerger disease?
raynaud’s phenomenon
what can vasospasms cause
arteriosclerosis
hardening / thickening of the wall
atherosclerosis
fat / fibrin deposit in the wall
can have no problems prior and still have this
comes from dyslipidemia
starts with endothelial injury to vessel walls
dyslipidemia
abnormal concentration of lipids in the blood stream
can cause atherosclerosis
liver
foam cells
macrophages get stuffed with lipids and deposit in endothelium of the artery
can cause the artery to start narrowing
causes a ffatty streak in the vessels
fibrous plaque
very hard to get rid of when there
complete blockage
complicated plaque
clots being to form on plaque very quickly can cause stroke or a heart attack
peripheral artery disease
same as arterisclerosis but happens in the legs
cramping
coronary artery disease
any disease that blocks coronary arteries
can cause chronic ischemia
many risk factors
1/3 of all deaths in the US
dyslipidemia
atherosclerosis
what is the usual cause of CAD
myocardial infarct
what can be from chronic ischemia
no, found often in cell membranes
is cholesterol always bad?
LDL
outbound
process lipids more
HDL
input
chest pain
what can also come from coronary artery disease?
stable angina
angina pectoris
most common
can feel pain in other parts of the body suck as left hand and jaw pain
comes from activity
prinzmetal angina
irregular
Nervous system is more involved
happens when you are sleeping
silent angina
very mild to the point where it flies under the radar
yes
can stress cause chest pain?
acute coronary syndromes
MI results from emboli (trapped in coronary arteries)
presents with undatble angina
acute pericarditis
infectious disease that effects the heart wall
can result to pericardial effusion and tamponade
pericardial effusion
build up of too much fluid in the double layered saclike structure around the heart
tamponade
pressure on the heart that occurs when blood or fluids build up in space between the heart muscle and pericardium
constrictive pericarditis
fluid build up restricts heart to beat
stiffen and keep heart being able to flex
cardiomyopathy
enlarge heart muscle
makes walls thicker and more rigid than normal
usually idiopathic
dilated cardiomyopathy
heart muscle becomes weakened and enlarged
heart cannot pump enough blood to the body
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
increase in area
reduce volume of blood left ventricle can take in
constrictive cardiomyopathy
change in how the heart functions
causes heart to fill poorly or squeeze poorly
causes pulmonary edema
overflow of blood in lungs
valvular stenosis
hardening of the valve
valvular regurgitation
insufficiency
back flow from the valve
possible that 2 valves are fused together
mitral valve prolapse syndrome
blood flow completely flips to the other direction
infective endocarditis
mouth flora causes this
eat away at the heart valve
rheumatic heart disease
complication of strep pyogenesis
scarlet fever and strep
dysrhythmia
(arrhythmia
disruption of rhythmic activities in the heart
due to injury or the nervous system
Heart failure
heart cannot perfuse body with blood
organ does not get oxygenated blood
conjestive left heart failure
pump to arterial system
blood gets into the lungs
systolic heart failure
less ventricle is weak
flexing
HFrEF
HFrEF
Heart failure / reduce ejection
diastolic heart failure
when relaxed
HFpEF
HFpEF
heart failure sustained ejection
right heart failure
pump to lungs
noticeable distension in extremities
common to see
high output failure
blood is o2 and nutrient deprived
shock
sudden drop in blood pressure
can lead to MODS due to getting no blood
cardiogenic shock
impaired with being able to pump blood
hypovolemic shock
traumatic blood loss
spleen
neurogenic shock
something wrong with the nervous system
impaired NS does not do its job
anaphylactic shock
allergy response
histamine rises
septic shock
gram negative bacteria (endotoxins)
infectious diseases
microbes in the blood
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