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Cynvenio, Vortex, and CellInsight CX5 instruments
Used for analyzing and isolating cells, often in cancer research.
Bright field microscopy/compound light microscopy
Standard light microscope where specimens appear dark against a bright background.
Paraffin sections
Use wax for preserving samples.
Cryostat/Cryosections
Freeze samples for quick processing.
Phase contrast microscopy
Enhances contrast in transparent samples, useful for viewing live cells.
Nomarski/DIC microscopy
Provides 3D-like images by enhancing contrast in unstained samples.
Patch clamp
Measures electrical activity in individual cells, often used in neuroscience.
Darkfield microscopy
Illuminates specimens at an angle, making them appear bright on a dark background.
Polarizing light microscopy
Uses polarized light to study structures like crystals or fibers.
Spinning Disk Confocal microscopy
Captures fast-moving live cell images with low photodamage.
Point Scanning Confocal microscopy
Uses a laser to scan a sample point by point, reducing background noise.
Vivascope
A type of confocal microscope for imaging skin non-invasively.
Fluorescence Microscopy
Uses fluorescent dyes to highlight specific cell parts.
FRAP (Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching)
Studies movement of molecules in membranes.
FRET (Förster Resonance Energy Transfer)
Measures molecular interactions based on energy transfer between fluorescent molecules.
FRET biosensor
A molecular tool that detects specific biological activities using FRET.
TIRF (Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence microscopy)
Highlights molecules at the cell surface with minimal background noise.
Vital fluorescent dyes
Stains used to observe live cells without killing them.
Fluorescence immunocytochemistry
Uses fluorescent antibodies to label proteins in cells.
ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay)
Detects and measures proteins like antibodies or hormones.
Microspectrofluorometry/Plate Reading Spectrofluorometer
Measures fluorescence in small samples, often used in microplates.
Polyclonal antibodies
Recognize multiple parts of a protein.
Monoclonal antibodies
Target a single site on a protein.
GFP, YFP, CFP as reporter molecules
Fluorescent proteins used to track gene expression and cell activity.
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death.
Necrosis
Accidental cell death.
Autoradiography
Uses radioactive markers to detect molecules in cells or tissues.
FISH (Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization)
Detects specific DNA sequences in chromosomes.
Intracellular injection techniques
Methods to introduce substances into cells, e.g., microinjection and electroporation.
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
Provides detailed images of thin cell sections using electron beams.
High voltage electron microscopy
A more powerful version of TEM for thick samples.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
Produces 3D images of surfaces using electrons.
Plastic thin sectioning
Embeds samples in plastic for thin-section imaging.
Freeze fracture
Splits frozen cells to examine internal structures.
Ultrastructural autoradiography
Combines autoradiography with electron microscopy for detailed imaging.
Ultrastructural immunocytochemistry
Uses antibodies to detect proteins in cell structures at an ultrastructural level.
Electron tomography
Creates 3D reconstructions of cells from electron microscope images.
Laser-capture microdissection microscopy
Isolates specific cells from a sample for further study.
Atomic Force Microscopy
Uses a tiny probe to create 3D images of cell surfaces.
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy
Examines surfaces at the atomic level using electrical currents.
Two-photon microscopy
Uses two photons to image deeper into tissues with minimal damage.
Super-Resolution Microscopy
Breaks the resolution limit of traditional light microscopy for highly detailed images.
Deconvolution Microscopy
Improves image clarity by computationally removing blur.
SELDI-TOF/MALDI-TOF
Techniques for analyzing proteins based on mass spectrometry.
Densitometer
Measures the intensity of bands in gels or blots.
Pulse-chase
Tracks how molecules move and change over time in cells.
Radioactive tagging
Labels molecules with radioactive markers for tracking.
EGTA
Chelates calcium.
Protease
Breaks down proteins.
FACS/Flow cytometry
Sorts and analyzes cells based on their properties using lasers.
Guava
A compact flow cytometry system.
Velocity sedimentation
Separates cells based on their size and weight.
Dynabeads
Magnetic beads used to isolate specific molecules or cells.
Speedbeads
Another type of magnetic beads used in isolation processes.
Veridex CellSearch System
Detects rare circulating tumor cells in blood.
Trituration
Breaks down cells mechanically by pipetting.
Detergents (SDS and Triton X-100)
Used to break cell membranes for protein extraction.
Differential centrifugation
Separates cellular components by spinning samples at different speeds.
Equilibrium Density (Rate Zonal) centrifugation
Uses a density gradient to separate molecules based on weight.
DEAE and CM Ion exchange chromatography
Separates proteins based on charge differences.
Gel filtration
Separates molecules by size.
Affinity Chromatography
Captures proteins based on specific binding interactions.
Protein A immunoprecipitation
Isolates antibodies and their target proteins.
Dialysis
Removes small molecules from a protein solution using a membrane.
Native gel electrophoresis
Separates proteins based on size and shape while maintaining their natural state.
SDS gel electrophoresis
Separates proteins by size after denaturing them.
Isoelectric focusing
Separates proteins based on their charge at a specific pH.
2-D gel electrophoresis
Separates proteins first by charge, then by size.
Western blots
Detects specific proteins in a sample using antibodies.
Photoreactive amino acids
Modified amino acids that react to light for studying protein interactions.
Cell lines/strains
Cultured cells used for research.
Fetal bovine serum/defined media
Supplements used in cell culture for growth.
Biological scaffolds
Structures that support cell growth in tissue engineering.
Tissue engineering
Creating artificial tissues for medical applications.
Microporous membranes
Used for cell culture and filtration.
Bioprinting/3D printing
Uses cells to print tissue structures.
Decellularization
Removes cells from a tissue, leaving behind only the extracellular matrix for use in transplants.