a&p final

Define - Anatomy

The study of structure

Define - Physiology

The study of function

What are the levels of organization of life?

Atoms, molecules, macromolecules,organelles, cells, tissues, organ, organ system, organism

What are the 10 characteristics of life?

Movement, responsiveness, growth, reproduction, respiration, digestion, absorption, circulation, assimilation, and excretion

What 5 things do all living things need?

Water, food, oxygen, heat, and pressure

Define - Homeostasis

Our bodies maintenance of stable internal environment

What are the 2 feedbacks?

Positive and negative

What are the major body cavities?

Dorsal - cranial and vertebral

Ventral - thoracic which contains diaphragm, pericardia cavity, right and left pleural cavity, and mediastinum- abdominal pelvic which contains abdomen and pelvis

What are the 6 membranes of the major body cavities

Visceral pleura, parietal pleura, visceral pericardium, parietal pericardium, visceral peritoneum, and parietal peritoneum

Define - Superior

Above, towards the top

Define - Inferior

Below, towards the bottom

Define - Anterior (ventral)

Towards the front

Define - Posterior (dorsal)

Towards the back

Define - Medial

Towards the middle

Define - Lateral

Towards the side

Define - Proximal

Close to point of attachment

Define - Distal

Farther from the point of attachment

What are the 3 planes of the body?

Sagittal

Transverse

Coronal

What are the 4 types of tissues?

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

Define - Simple (in tissue terms)

one

Define - Stratified (in tissue terms)

two or more

Define - Squamous (in tissue terms)

Thin, flat disk

Define - Cuboidal (in tissue terms)

Cube-shaped, same height and width

Define - Columnar (in tissue terms)

Column shape, taller than wider

Define - Apical surface

A surface that faces up which is the inner cavity of an organ

Define - Basement membrane

A thin, pliable sheet-like type of extracellular matrix, that provides cell and tissue support and acts as a platform for complex signaling

What is an endocrine gland?

A ductless gland that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream

What is an exocrine gland?

A gland with ducts that secretes directly onto the surface

What are the 3 types of exocrine glands?

Merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine glands

What are the fibers in connective tissues?

Collagenous, reticular, and elastic

What are the cells in connective tissues?

Fibroblast cells, mast cells, and macrophages

What are the distinguishing characteristics of the 3 muscle types?

Skeletal- voluntary control / striated

Smooth- involuntary control / not striated

Cardiac- involuntary control l striated

Where in the body is each tissue found?

Epithelial - line body cavities and hollow organs

Connectives, belly, large arteries

Muscle - muscles

Nervous - brain and spinal cord

Smooth - organs

Skeletal - around bones

Cardiac - heart

How many bones are in the human body?

206 bones

What are the shapes of bones?

Long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid

What are the parts of a long bone?

Epiphysis, diaphysis, medullary cavity, periosteum, endosteum, spongy bone, and compact bone

What is the difference between spongy and compact bone?

Compact bone has no gaps, and spongy bone has gaps

What is the functions of bones?

Support and protect, body movement, blood cell formation, and salt storage

What are the 2 types of ossification?

Intramembranous and endochondral

How does endochondral ossification occur?

Begins in hyaline cartilage

Moves to into the diaphysis

Then moves to the epiphysis

Ends at the Epiphyseal plate - growth plate - a band of cartilage where bone grows long

What does a deficiency of vitamin A cause?

Slow bone development

What does a deficiency of vitamin C cause?

Fragile bones

What does a deficiency of vitamin D cause?

Rickets or osteomalacia

What does insufficient growth hormone cause?

Dwarfism

What does excessive growth hormone cause?

Gigantism or acromegaly

What does insufficient thyroid hormone cause?

Delay in bone growth

What do sex hormones do?

They promote bone formation, and stimulate ossification of the epiphyseal plate

What does physical stress cause?

It stimulates bone growth

Bone names (just some common ones)

Femur, humerus, radius, ulna, fibula, tibia, skull bones, facial bones, hands and feet bones

What are the parts of a synovial joint?

Articular cartilage, joint cavity, synovial fluid, joint capsule, synovial membrane, and bursae

What are the types of joints?

Ball-and-socket

Condyloid

Gliding

Hinge

Pivot

Saddle

What are the 3 parts of the fascia?

Epimysium

Perimysium

Endomysium

Define - Tendon

Connect muscles to the bone by extending fascia

Define - Aponeuroses

Fascia which forms wide sheets

Define - Ligaments

Connects bone to bone

Define - Actin

Thin filaments

Define - Myosin

Thick filament

Define - Troponin

ball-shaped

Define - Tropomyosin

rod-shaped

What does acetylcholine (ACh) do in muscle contractions?

It diffuses across the synaptic cleft, binds to a receptor, and causes a muscle impulse which leads to the contraction

What deos calcium (Ca2+) do in a muscle contraction?

The sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium ion into the cellBinds to troponin and changes the shape

What are the types of contractions?

Isotonic (a main one)

Concentric

Eccentric

Isometric (a main one)

Describe a slow-twitch.

Has red fibers due to rich myoglobin supply, contracts slowly, can contract for longer periods of time without fatigue

Describe a fast-twitch.

Has white fibers due to poor myoglobin supply, contracts quickly, fatigues quickly

Define - Origin

Immovable end of the muscle

Define - Insertion

Movable end of the muscle

Define - Prime mover or agonist

Responsible for the main movement

Define - Antagonist

Muscles that resist the prime mover

Define - Synergist

Muscles the contract to assist the prime mover

Define - Fixator

Stabilize or make immovable for joint

Define - Hypertrophy

Enlargement of muscle due to use

Define - Atrophy

Decrease in size due to not being used

Define - Peristalsis

Wave-like motion in tubular organs that pushes food through the digestive system

Define - Aerobic

Occurs when oxygen is present

Define - Anaerobic

Occurs when oxygen is not present

What are the types of neurons?

sensory, motor, and interneurons

What are the types of neuroglial cells?

Schwann cells

Oligodendrocytes

Microglia

Astrocytes

Ependyma

What are the parts of a neuron?

Dendrites

Axon (nerve fiber)

Nerve Impulse

Synapses

Neurotransmitter

Myelin sheath

NodeofRanvier

Define - Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

The myelin coating is destroyed resulting in the destruction of the nerve cell. The muscle it controls atrophies resulting in bad effects

Define - Alzheimer's

Deficient acetylcholine - memory loss and disorientation

Define - Parkinson's

Deficient dopamine - tremors, slowed movement, muscles rigidity

Define - SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome)

Excess dopamine

Define - Insomnia

Deficient serotonin - inability to sleep

What are the 3 meninges layers?

Dura mater - "Tough mother"

Arachnoid mater

Pia mater

What are the 2 space in the meninges?

Epidural

Subarachnoid

How many spinal nerves are there?

31 pairs

What are the 2 enlargements of the spinal cord?

Cervical - nerves to the arms

Lumbar - nerves to the legs

What are the parts of the spinal cord?

\
31 nerves

2 enlargements

Conus medullaris

Filum terminale

Cauda equina (horsetail)

How many cranial nerves are there?

12 pairs

What are the parts of the brain?

Cerebrum

Diencephalon

Cerebellum

Brainstem

How are the functions of the brain determined?

Injuries and diseases

Define - Dermatone

An area of skin that ten sensory nerve fibers of a particular spinal nerve innervate

What is the longest cranial nerve?

Vagus nerve

What is the biggest cranial nerve?

Trigeminal nerve

What is the smallest cranial nerve?

Trochlear nerve

Define - Concussion

Brain jarred against the cranium

Loss of consciousness

Temporary loss of memory

Mental cloudiness

Headache

Define - Cerebrovascular accident

Stroke

Sudden interruption in blood flow

Brain tissues die

Define - Cerebral Palsy

Motor impairment at birth

Caused by blocked cerebral blood vessels during development

Seizures

Learning disabilities

How does a nerve impulse get across a synapse?

Synaptic neurotransmitter

What are the steps to sending a nerve impulse?

Stimulus is picked up by the receptor

Opens the sodium channel

Sodium comes in and polarizes the cell

Causes more sodium to rush in and make a positive wave