Biol 1002 Final Pomarico

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74 Terms

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Urea

A compound that removes ammonia from the blood

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What do the kidneys filter out?

urea

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Protein waste path

protein>>amino acids>>simpler molecules and ammonia

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Is ammonia toxic?

yes, must be removed from the system

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What does the liver to?

detoxifies; converts the ammonia to urea

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Flatworms have

flame cells

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Flame Cells

simplest excretory system; network of tubes branching throughout the body

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Nephridia

function as simple kidneys

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Earthworms and Mollusks have

nephridia

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Renal Arteries

unfiltered blood enters

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Renal Veins

filtered blood leaves

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Urine path

ureter>>bladder>>urethra

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Renal Pelvis

funnels urine into the ureter

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Two outer layers of kidneys

cortex and medulla

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3 major parts of nephrons

glomerulus, bowman's capsule, tubule

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Bowman's capsule

collects the filtrate *(fluid filtered from blood)

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Glomerulus

a filter for blood

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Tubule

long twister, separated into 3 parts

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What hormone is produced by the hypothalamus?

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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ADH rises when

concentration of blood rises or blood volume falls

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ADH lowers when

concentration of blood falls or blood volume rises

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Drinking a beer causes ADH to

lower (dilutes blood and increases blood volume)

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What does AIDs destroy?

helper T Cells

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Is cAMP a first messenger or second messenger?

second messenger

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Where are insulin and glucagon produced?

pancreas

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What organisms have simple excretory systems?

flatworms

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Synapse

where transmissions of the signal to another cell occurs

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What are the four internal non-specific internal defenses?

phagocytic cells, natural killer cells, inflammatory response, fever

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What are the four types of T Cells

helper T cells, killer T cells, suppressor T cell, memory T cells

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Three types of effector cells

helper T cells, killer T cells, suppressor T cells

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Internal communication is handled by what?

immune systema and nervous system

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Hormone

a chemical secreted by cells in one part of the body and transported in the bloodstream to other body parts where it exerts its action on specific target cells

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What are the four classes of animal hormones?

peptide, modified amino acids, steroids, prostaglandins

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Target cells for a hormone must have

receptors

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What glands is also called a ductless glands?

endocrine glands

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Hypothalamus houses the

neurosecretory cells

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Stimulates the gonads (males: testes ; females: ovaries)

FSH

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Stimulates the thyroid gland to release its hormones

TSH

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Causes release of hormones from the cortex of the adrenal gland

ACTH

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Stimulates development of the mammory glands during pregnancy and milk production after delivery of the baby

prolactin

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Somatotrophin

growth hormone

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Growth Hormone

regulates the growth of the body, especially bone growth; helps regulate protein, fat, and sugar metabolism

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Actually neurally connected to the brain, containing nerve endings of neurosecretory cells that originate in the hypothalamus

posterior pituitary

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The posterior pituitary makes, stores and releases

peptide hormones

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An iodine-containing modified amino acids that raises the metabolic rate of body cells

thyroxine

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A lack of iodine in the diet causes the formation of

goiter

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Two types of islet cells

insulin and glucagon

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Testes secrete

androgen (mainly testosterone)

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Ovaries secrete

estrogen and progesteron

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Adrenal Gland

located on top of the kidneys and also act as a double gland

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Is in the center of the adrenal gland and contains a group of secretory cells derived from nerve cells

adrenal medulla

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Adrenal Medulla makes

two amino acid-derived hormones in response to stress (adrenaline and noradrenaline)

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Outer layer of the adrenal gland that secretes three types of cholesterol derived glucocorticoids

adrenal cortex

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Glucocorticoids

act like glucagon stimulating increasing glucose levels; release is stimulated by ACTH (anterior pituitary), which in turn is stimulated by hypothalamus releasing hormones that are produced in response to stress

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Hormonal communication and Nervous Cell communications SIMILARITIES

make messenger chemicals that are released into extracellular spaces

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Hormonal communications and Nervous Cell communications DIFFERENCES

distance, number of cells contacted, speed

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Four distinct parts of a neuron

dendrite, cell body, axon, synaptic terminal

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Tangle of fibers that branch from the cell body; receive information from the environment and convert the information to electrical signals

dendrites

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Receives various signals from dendrites and produce action potential; coordinates metabolic activity of the cell

cell body

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long, thin fibers extending from the cell body; carries action potential to output terminals, bundled together into nerves

axon

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Nerve Impulses

dendrite>>cell body>>axons

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Myelin

insulated layers of membranes wrapped around most axons, interrupted at intervals with naked areas called nodes, allows nerve impulses to travel more rapidly

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Antibodies regulate and bind

antigens

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Release interferon (hormone like chemicals) that stimulate cell division and differentiate in both killer T cells and B cells

helper T cells

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Bind to antigens on the surface of "enemy" cells and release proteins that disrupt the plasma membranes

killer T cells

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Appear after the "enemy" has been conquered to shut off the immune response in both B cell and killer T cells

suppressor T cells

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Protect the body against future infections by retaining immunity to future infections

memory T cells

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Kidneys take in

urea, toxins, water, nutrients

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External barrier

first line of defense (skin)

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White blood cell macrophages in the extracellular fluid; amoeboid cells that destroy invading microbes by engulfing them

phagocytic cells

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Destroy body cells that have been infected by viruses or compromised in any other way

natural killer cells

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Increases blood flow to the wound by relaxing arterioles and making capillary walls leaky

histamine

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What effect does a fever have?

slows down microbial reproduction; enhances the body's own fighting ability

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B Cells produce

antibodies