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Urea
A compound that removes ammonia from the blood
What do the kidneys filter out?
urea
Protein waste path
protein>>amino acids>>simpler molecules and ammonia
Is ammonia toxic?
yes, must be removed from the system
What does the liver to?
detoxifies; converts the ammonia to urea
Flatworms have
flame cells
Flame Cells
simplest excretory system; network of tubes branching throughout the body
Nephridia
function as simple kidneys
Earthworms and Mollusks have
nephridia
Renal Arteries
unfiltered blood enters
Renal Veins
filtered blood leaves
Urine path
ureter>>bladder>>urethra
Renal Pelvis
funnels urine into the ureter
Two outer layers of kidneys
cortex and medulla
3 major parts of nephrons
glomerulus, bowman's capsule, tubule
Bowman's capsule
collects the filtrate *(fluid filtered from blood)
Glomerulus
a filter for blood
Tubule
long twister, separated into 3 parts
What hormone is produced by the hypothalamus?
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
ADH rises when
concentration of blood rises or blood volume falls
ADH lowers when
concentration of blood falls or blood volume rises
Drinking a beer causes ADH to
lower (dilutes blood and increases blood volume)
What does AIDs destroy?
helper T Cells
Is cAMP a first messenger or second messenger?
second messenger
Where are insulin and glucagon produced?
pancreas
What organisms have simple excretory systems?
flatworms
Synapse
where transmissions of the signal to another cell occurs
What are the four internal non-specific internal defenses?
phagocytic cells, natural killer cells, inflammatory response, fever
What are the four types of T Cells
helper T cells, killer T cells, suppressor T cell, memory T cells
Three types of effector cells
helper T cells, killer T cells, suppressor T cells
Internal communication is handled by what?
immune systema and nervous system
Hormone
a chemical secreted by cells in one part of the body and transported in the bloodstream to other body parts where it exerts its action on specific target cells
What are the four classes of animal hormones?
peptide, modified amino acids, steroids, prostaglandins
Target cells for a hormone must have
receptors
What glands is also called a ductless glands?
endocrine glands
Hypothalamus houses the
neurosecretory cells
Stimulates the gonads (males: testes ; females: ovaries)
FSH
Stimulates the thyroid gland to release its hormones
TSH
Causes release of hormones from the cortex of the adrenal gland
ACTH
Stimulates development of the mammory glands during pregnancy and milk production after delivery of the baby
prolactin
Somatotrophin
growth hormone
Growth Hormone
regulates the growth of the body, especially bone growth; helps regulate protein, fat, and sugar metabolism
Actually neurally connected to the brain, containing nerve endings of neurosecretory cells that originate in the hypothalamus
posterior pituitary
The posterior pituitary makes, stores and releases
peptide hormones
An iodine-containing modified amino acids that raises the metabolic rate of body cells
thyroxine
A lack of iodine in the diet causes the formation of
goiter
Two types of islet cells
insulin and glucagon
Testes secrete
androgen (mainly testosterone)
Ovaries secrete
estrogen and progesteron
Adrenal Gland
located on top of the kidneys and also act as a double gland
Is in the center of the adrenal gland and contains a group of secretory cells derived from nerve cells
adrenal medulla
Adrenal Medulla makes
two amino acid-derived hormones in response to stress (adrenaline and noradrenaline)
Outer layer of the adrenal gland that secretes three types of cholesterol derived glucocorticoids
adrenal cortex
Glucocorticoids
act like glucagon stimulating increasing glucose levels; release is stimulated by ACTH (anterior pituitary), which in turn is stimulated by hypothalamus releasing hormones that are produced in response to stress
Hormonal communication and Nervous Cell communications SIMILARITIES
make messenger chemicals that are released into extracellular spaces
Hormonal communications and Nervous Cell communications DIFFERENCES
distance, number of cells contacted, speed
Four distinct parts of a neuron
dendrite, cell body, axon, synaptic terminal
Tangle of fibers that branch from the cell body; receive information from the environment and convert the information to electrical signals
dendrites
Receives various signals from dendrites and produce action potential; coordinates metabolic activity of the cell
cell body
long, thin fibers extending from the cell body; carries action potential to output terminals, bundled together into nerves
axon
Nerve Impulses
dendrite>>cell body>>axons
Myelin
insulated layers of membranes wrapped around most axons, interrupted at intervals with naked areas called nodes, allows nerve impulses to travel more rapidly
Antibodies regulate and bind
antigens
Release interferon (hormone like chemicals) that stimulate cell division and differentiate in both killer T cells and B cells
helper T cells
Bind to antigens on the surface of "enemy" cells and release proteins that disrupt the plasma membranes
killer T cells
Appear after the "enemy" has been conquered to shut off the immune response in both B cell and killer T cells
suppressor T cells
Protect the body against future infections by retaining immunity to future infections
memory T cells
Kidneys take in
urea, toxins, water, nutrients
External barrier
first line of defense (skin)
White blood cell macrophages in the extracellular fluid; amoeboid cells that destroy invading microbes by engulfing them
phagocytic cells
Destroy body cells that have been infected by viruses or compromised in any other way
natural killer cells
Increases blood flow to the wound by relaxing arterioles and making capillary walls leaky
histamine
What effect does a fever have?
slows down microbial reproduction; enhances the body's own fighting ability
B Cells produce
antibodies