Biol 1002 Final Pomarico

Urea

A compound that removes ammonia from the blood

What do the kidneys filter out?

urea

Protein waste path

protein>>amino acids>>simpler molecules and ammonia

Is ammonia toxic?

yes, must be removed from the system

What does the liver to?

detoxifies; converts the ammonia to urea

Flatworms have

flame cells

Flame Cells

simplest excretory system; network of tubes branching throughout the body

Nephridia

function as simple kidneys

Earthworms and Mollusks have

nephridia

Renal Arteries

unfiltered blood enters

Renal Veins

filtered blood leaves

Urine path

ureter>>bladder>>urethra

Renal Pelvis

funnels urine into the ureter

Two outer layers of kidneys

cortex and medulla

3 major parts of nephrons

glomerulus, bowman's capsule, tubule

Bowman's capsule

collects the filtrate *(fluid filtered from blood)

Glomerulus

a filter for blood

Tubule

long twister, separated into 3 parts

What hormone is produced by the hypothalamus?

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

ADH rises when

concentration of blood rises or blood volume falls

ADH lowers when

concentration of blood falls or blood volume rises

Drinking a beer causes ADH to

lower (dilutes blood and increases blood volume)

What does AIDs destroy?

helper T Cells

Is cAMP a first messenger or second messenger?

second messenger

Where are insulin and glucagon produced?

pancreas

What organisms have simple excretory systems?

flatworms

Synapse

where transmissions of the signal to another cell occurs

What are the four internal non-specific internal defenses?

phagocytic cells, natural killer cells, inflammatory response, fever

What are the four types of T Cells

helper T cells, killer T cells, suppressor T cell, memory T cells

Three types of effector cells

helper T cells, killer T cells, suppressor T cells

Internal communication is handled by what?

immune systema and nervous system

Hormone

a chemical secreted by cells in one part of the body and transported in the bloodstream to other body parts where it exerts its action on specific target cells

What are the four classes of animal hormones?

peptide, modified amino acids, steroids, prostaglandins

Target cells for a hormone must have

receptors

What glands is also called a ductless glands?

endocrine glands

Hypothalamus houses the

neurosecretory cells

Stimulates the gonads (males: testes ; females: ovaries)

FSH

Stimulates the thyroid gland to release its hormones

TSH

Causes release of hormones from the cortex of the adrenal gland

ACTH

Stimulates development of the mammory glands during pregnancy and milk production after delivery of the baby

prolactin

Somatotrophin

growth hormone

Growth Hormone

regulates the growth of the body, especially bone growth; helps regulate protein, fat, and sugar metabolism

Actually neurally connected to the brain, containing nerve endings of neurosecretory cells that originate in the hypothalamus

posterior pituitary

The posterior pituitary makes, stores and releases

peptide hormones

An iodine-containing modified amino acids that raises the metabolic rate of body cells

thyroxine

A lack of iodine in the diet causes the formation of

goiter

Two types of islet cells

insulin and glucagon

Testes secrete

androgen (mainly testosterone)

Ovaries secrete

estrogen and progesteron

Adrenal Gland

located on top of the kidneys and also act as a double gland

Is in the center of the adrenal gland and contains a group of secretory cells derived from nerve cells

adrenal medulla

Adrenal Medulla makes

two amino acid-derived hormones in response to stress (adrenaline and noradrenaline)

Outer layer of the adrenal gland that secretes three types of cholesterol derived glucocorticoids

adrenal cortex

Glucocorticoids

act like glucagon stimulating increasing glucose levels; release is stimulated by ACTH (anterior pituitary), which in turn is stimulated by hypothalamus releasing hormones that are produced in response to stress

Hormonal communication and Nervous Cell communications SIMILARITIES

make messenger chemicals that are released into extracellular spaces

Hormonal communications and Nervous Cell communications DIFFERENCES

distance, number of cells contacted, speed

Four distinct parts of a neuron

dendrite, cell body, axon, synaptic terminal

Tangle of fibers that branch from the cell body; receive information from the environment and convert the information to electrical signals

dendrites

Receives various signals from dendrites and produce action potential; coordinates metabolic activity of the cell

cell body

long, thin fibers extending from the cell body; carries action potential to output terminals, bundled together into nerves

axon

Nerve Impulses

dendrite>>cell body>>axons

Myelin

insulated layers of membranes wrapped around most axons, interrupted at intervals with naked areas called nodes, allows nerve impulses to travel more rapidly

Antibodies regulate and bind

antigens

Release interferon (hormone like chemicals) that stimulate cell division and differentiate in both killer T cells and B cells

helper T cells

Bind to antigens on the surface of "enemy" cells and release proteins that disrupt the plasma membranes

killer T cells

Appear after the "enemy" has been conquered to shut off the immune response in both B cell and killer T cells

suppressor T cells

Protect the body against future infections by retaining immunity to future infections

memory T cells

Kidneys take in

urea, toxins, water, nutrients

External barrier

first line of defense (skin)

White blood cell macrophages in the extracellular fluid; amoeboid cells that destroy invading microbes by engulfing them

phagocytic cells

Destroy body cells that have been infected by viruses or compromised in any other way

natural killer cells

Increases blood flow to the wound by relaxing arterioles and making capillary walls leaky

histamine

What effect does a fever have?

slows down microbial reproduction; enhances the body's own fighting ability

B Cells produce

antibodies