kidney function

water, salts, bicarb, H, urea, glucose, aa, drugs, creatinine

small particles filtered through glomerular capsule along with plasma

protein, RBCs

not filtered through glomerular capsule (not typically seen in urine)

proximal convoluted tubules (PCT)

-nephron part for selective reabsorption

-absorb: 80% water, aa, glucose, P, K, urea, bicarb, Na, Cl, Ca, Mg

-secrete: ammonia, H, drugs, creatinine

water

80% is reabsorbed in proximal tubules

aa, glucose, urea, bicarb, Na, Mg, Ca, K, P, Cl

reabsorbed at proximal tubules

H, drugs, ammonia, creatinine

secreted at proximal tubules

water

reabsorbed at descending Loop of Henle

ADH

hormone that influences water reabs at descending loop

Na, Cl

reabsorbed at ascending Loop of Henle

distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

-part of nephron responsible for selective secretion

-aldosterone and ADH

Loop of Henle

-part of nephron responsible for osmoregulation based on salt gradient

Na, Cl, water, bicarb

reabsorbed at distal convoluted tubule (aldosterone)

aldosterone

influences Na and bicarb reabsorption and K and H+ secretion at DCT

H+, K

secreted at distal convoluted tubule (aldosterone)

renal threshold

-maximum reabsorption of substances the body can reabsorb

-excess into urine

clearance

-rate at which kidney can clear substance from body

-creatinine used to est rate (stable and not reabs/sec by tubules)

osmolality

-measures renal concentrating ability

-moles of particles per kg H2O

-chronic renal disease indicator (dec concen ability)

proteinuria

-kidney disease

-large amts prot in urine

-associated with glom

-albumin and prealbumin 

-edema

albumin

primary protein excreted in proteinuria

prealbumin

indicator of early kidney damage when found in urine

nephrotic syndrome

-edema

-hypoalbuminemia

-albuminuria

-inc in lipids (fatty casts, oval fat bodies)

-dec blood flow or glomerulonephritis

-DM, amyloidosis, SLE

oval fat bodies

lipids found in urine of nephrotic syndrome

acute glomerulonephritis

-circ immune complex deposits in glomeruli

-hyaline and granular casts, inc BUN and creatinine, anemia, oliguria, Na and water retention

-seen 1-4 wks after group A beta-hemolytic strep infection (pyogenees)

chronic glomerulonephritis

-continual/permanent damage to glom

-edema, hypertension, anemia, metabolic acidosis, olig/anuria

-blood, protein, casts in urine

-specific gravity 1.010

renal failure

hypotension due to traumatic or surgical shock, burns, intravasc hemolysis (transfusion rxn)

pyelonephritis

infection in kidney

cystitis

infection in bladder

acute interstitial nephritis (AIN)

-drug related (can be infection or autoimmune)

-eosinophilia

-AKI

-decreased urine output

-fatigue