ch 3: anatomy and physiology part 1

tissue

group of cells that have similar structure and function together as a unit

connective

tissue that olds structures together, forming a framework and support for organs and the body

connective

tissue that stores fats, transports substances, protects against disease, and helps repair tissue damage

epithelial

tissue that forms a covering all over body surfaces, as well as lines the body cavities, organs, and glands

epithelial

tissue that performs functions such as secretion, protection, absorption, excretion, filtration, diffusion, and sensory reception

muscle

tissue that has the ability to shorten and contract in order to provide movement of body parts and organs

muscle

tissue that is characterized by containing numerous cells are are well supplies with blood

voluntary

skeletal muscle tissue in controlled by the CNS, it is under ______________ control

involuntarily

smooth and cardiac muscle tissue are _______________ controlled by the autonomic nervous system

nervous

tissue that is found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves

nervous

tissue that stimulates muscle contraction, sense the environment, and help with memory and reasoning

organs

made up of several different kinds of tissues that work together to perform a similar function

organ systems

made up of different organs working together to carry out a specific function

cardiovascular system

system that consists of the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries

oxygen

tissues need a continuous supply of ____________ and nutrients

atria

thin-walled chambers that receive blood from the viens

ventricles

thick-walled chambers that are built to pump blood out to the body

valves

heart has __________ that keep blood flowing in one direction

lungs

the right ventricle then pumps the blood to the ______________ to receive oxygen

left ventricle

pumps blood into systemic circulation

right ventricle

pumps blood only to the lungs

sino atrial node

first part of the conducting system that generates the impulse that causes the heart to contract

artery

carries blood away from the heart

capillaries

form the connection between arteries and veins

veins

carry blood to the heart

myocardium

muscle of the heart walls

myocardial infarction

when the arteries that supply blood and oxygen to the heart muscles have been obstructed, aka heart attack

systole

contraction phase in the cardiac cycle

diastole

relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle

mmHg

blood pressure is measured in _______

sphygomomanometer

blood pressure is measured using a ________________________-

pulse

the rhythmic expansion of an artery that is caused by the ejection of blood from the vessels

120/80

normal blood pressure is below ___________ mmHg

60-100

normal resting pulse rate is _________ beats per minute

lymphocytes

lymphatic organs contain ________________ that destroy invading organisms

lymphatic

system that is responsible for returning excess interstitial fluids from tissues to the blood

lymphatic

system that absorbs fat and fat soluble vitamins from the digestive system and transports them into circulation

tonsils

clusters of lymphatic tissue just under the mucus membrane that line the nose, mouth, and throat

spleen

largest lymphatic organ that filters blood and acts as a reservoir for blood

lymph nodes

filter lymph before it is returned to the blood, widely distributed throughout the body

thymus

organ that is responsible for processing and maturing lymphocytes

gradient

Movement of fluids occurs via the pressure ______________ produced by skeletal muscle action, respiratory movement, and contraction of smooth muscle in the vessel walls

respiratory

system that provides oxygen to and removes carbon dioxide from the bloodstream

respiratory

system that helps regulate the pH of blood

respiration

the sequence of events that results in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and the body’s cells

inspiration

the process of taking air into the lungs, involves muscular and diaphragm contraction

expiration

the process of letting air out of the lungs, involves the relaxation of diaphragm and muscles

upper respiratory tract

contains the nose, pharynx, larynx

trachea

windpipe, main airway to the lungs

cilia

in the trachea, _________ propels the mucus upward where it is either swallowed or expelled

right

the shorter lung, has 3 lobes, broader

asthma

condition where there is inflammation and spasms of the bronchi in the lungs

allergen

any foreign substance that is handled, ingested, or inhaled, that causes an overreaction of the body’s immune system

allergic rhinits

seasonal allergies, can be managed by using daily antihistamines

first generation

allergy medications that cause more drowsiness and need to be taken more often

digestive

system that processes food and absorbs nutrients

digestion

breaking down food into smaller particles

absorption

simple molecules from digestion pass through cell membranes and into the blood and lymph categories

elimination

process where food molecules that cannot be digested are eliminated from the body

GI tract

processes food into molecules that can be absorbed and utilized by the cells in the body

GI tract

consists of a long continuous tube that extends from the mouth to the anus

mouth

breaks down food by mastication and mixes it with saliva

tongue

food is forced into the pharynx by the _______________

esophagus

the connection between pharynx and stomach

mucus

secreted into the esophagus to ease the passage of food

stomach

where chemical digestion occurs

small intestine

inishes the process of digestion and absorbs the nutrients before passing it to the large intestine

large intestine

absorbs water, electrolytes, and eliminates feces

large intestine

does not produce digestive enzymes

liver

filters and detoxifies blood, secretes blood, secretes bile, and is also responsible for metabolism of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates

gallbladder

principle function is to store bile

bile salts

act as an emulsifying agent in the digestion and absorption of fats

acid reflux

condition where the stomach content moves backwards into the esophagus

GERD

chronic acid reflux

urinary

system that excretes waste products from the blood

bladder

serves as a temporary reservoir, surrounded by elastic muscles, contraction of these muscles is what expels urine

kidney

filters blood, removes waste, and excretes waste in the urine; primary organ in the urinary system

ureter

carries urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder

urethra

final passageway for the urine

integumentary

system that protects against environmental hazards

skin

organ that covers the human body surface, nourishes the epidermis and provides strength

sweat glands

produce perspiration for cooling

skeletal

system that provides protection and support for other tissues

calcium

bones contain more __________ than any other organ in thebody

hematopoiesis

the formation of blood cells, occurs in the red marrow of the bones

osteoblast

bone forming cell

osteoclast

cell that breaks down old bone

osteocyte

mature bone cell

osteoporosis

disease that reduces the density of bone

600

there are more than ____ muscles in the body

nervous

major controlling, regulatory, and communicating system in the human body

cell body

the brain of the neuron, houses the nucleus

neuron

nerve cell that conducts impulses, made of three parts

dendrite

extensions that carry an impulse to the cell body

axon

extension that carries an impulse away from the cell body

mitosis

neurons do not go through _____________, once they are destroyed they cannot be replaced

glial cells

support and protect the neurons

external

______________ sensory receptors monitor temperature, light, and sound

internal

_____________ sensory receptors monitor levels of electrolytes, pressure, and pH

central

the ___________ nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord