Chapter 4: Biodiversity and Evolution

Speciation

________- one species splits into two or more.

Environmental pressures

________, biotic: genes and mutations bring about change through adaptation.

Keystone

________ species- a species upon which all of the other species rely.

Coevolution

________- two species evolve together and affect each others evolution.

Plate tectonics

________, asteroids, organisms have changed and died out,> 95 % of all life has gone extinct.

Genetic resistance

________- ability of one or more members of a population to resist a chemical designed to kill it.

Reproductive isolation

________- mutations and natural selection leads to inability to produce viable offspring when members of two different populations mate.

Mutations

________ in genes which enhance individuals ability to produce offspring with these traits.

Humans

________ have a significant impact on biodiversity.

Overexploitation

________- hunting, illegal wildlife trade, poaching.

Indicator species

________- provide early warning of damage to a community and help monitor environmental quality.

Niche

________- the specific ecological role that a species plays.

HIPPCO

________- Habitat destruction, invasive species, pollution, population (growing human population), climate change, overexploitation.

BLS

________ has low biodiversity compared to other nearby ecosystems.

similar features

Convergent evolution- ________ among species without a common ancestor.

Biodiversity

________- variety in the earths species.

Biological evolution

________- how the earths life changes over time through changes in the genetic characteristics of a populations.

Ecological niche

________- everything that affects survival and reproduction.

Invasive species

________- a species thats not supposed to be in the ecosystem, typically transported by humans.

Species

________- set of individuals who can mate and produce fertile offspring.

Locations of continents

________ and oceans have shifted through geologic time, species physically move, adapt, or form new species through natural selection.

Evolution

________- change in the characteristics of a species over several generations and relies on the process of natural selection.

formation of new species

Balance between ________ and extinction of existing species.

Fossils

________- physical evidence of ancient organisms which reveal what their external structures looked like.

Species richness

number of different species in the ecosystem

Species evenness

relative abundance of individuals among the different species in the ecosystem

invasive species

species that do not belong in an ecosystem

Biodiversity

variety in the earths species

Species

set of individuals who can mate and produce fertile offspring

Invasive species

a species thats not supposed to be in the ecosystem, typically transported by humans

Keystone species

a species upon which all of the other species rely

What happened to the passenger pigeon

once the most abundant bird in North American with 2-3 billion individuals are now extinct

HIPPCO

Habitat destruction, invasive species, pollution, population (growing human population), climate change, overexploitation

overexploitation

hunting, illegal wildlife trade, poaching

Indicator species

provide early warning of damage to a community and help monitor environmental quality

Evolution

change in the characteristics of a species over several generations and relies on the process of natural selection

Biological evolution

how the earths life changes over time through changes in the genetic characteristics of a populations

fossils

physical evidence of ancient organisms which reveal what their external structures looked like

fossil record

entire body of fossil evidence

Niche

the specific ecological role that a species plays

ecological niche

everything that affects survival and reproduction

- environmental pressures, biotic

genes and mutations bring about change through adaptation

genetic resistance

ability of one or more members of a population to resist a chemical designed to kill it

speciation

one species splits into two or more

reproductive isolation

mutations and natural selection leads to inability to produce viable offspring when members of two different populations mate

divergent evolution

two species diverge from a common ancestor

convergent evolution

similar features among species without a common ancestor

coevolution

two species evolve together and affect each others evolution

Species richness

number of different species in the ecosystem

Species evenness

relative abundance of individuals among the different species in the ecosystem

How could you determine species richness?

count the number of species

What abiotic factors in an ecosystem could result in high species richness?

phosphorus, sunlight, precipitation, temperature, nitrogen

Why can’t species richness alone be used to evaluate the health of an ecosystem?

even if you have a large amount of species, there could still be an imbalance, could have invasive species

invasive species

species that do not belong in an ecosystem

Explain why the presence and relative abundance of different species may vary between two nearby areas, even if the areas appear similar.

there may be subtle differences between the two areas such as different vegetation, or there could be human

How is the image of the red fox eating the Arctic fox related to climate change?

foxes’ normal prey died off, Arctic fox is exposed without the snow and ice

How will biodiversity in the arctic respond to climate change?

melting ice and snow causes disruption in the food web

What is the name for something that brings about change in an ecosystem?

environmental pressure

How does biodiversity on earth respond to environmental change?

adapt, migrate, or die

What determines which of these outcomes occurs?

time and rate of change

What can lead to reproductive isolation?

geographic isolation

How can human activities degrade biodiversity?

hastening the extinction of species, disrupt habitats

How do populations evolve?

mutations and natural selection

Biodiversity

variety in the earth’s species

Species

set of individuals who can mate and produce fertile offspring

What are the different types of diversity?

functional, ecological, genetic, species

Invasive species

a species that’s not supposed to be in the ecosystem, typically transported by humans

How do invasive species disrupt ecosystems?

they outcompete native species

Keystone species

a species upon which all of the other species rely

What happened to the passenger pigeon

once the most abundant bird in North American with 2 million individuals, went extinct due to humans hunting them

HIPPCO

Habitat destruction, invasive species, pollution, population (growing human population), climate change, overexploitation

To what does HIPPCO refer?

how humans cause species to go extinct in order of importance

overexploitation

hunting, illegal wildlife trade, poaching

Indicator species

provide early warning of damage to a community and help monitor environmental quality

How did humans become so powerful?

opposable thumbs, complex brains, walk upright

How has climate change on an ice age level affected species diversity?

decreased it because species that are better adapted to these conditions survive, species divergence, environmental pressures on a slow timescale makes adaption easier

Can species thought to be extinct be discovered?

haven’t discovered everything, could discover an isolated population, islands

How do populations evolve?

mutations in genes which enhance individuals’ ability to produce offspring with these traits

How does Earth’s life change over time?

evolution

Evolution

change in the characteristics of a species over several generations and relies on the process of natural selection

Biological evolution

how the earth’s life changes over time through changes in the genetic characteristics of a populations

fossils

physical evidence of ancient organisms which reveal what their external structures looked like

fossil record

entire body of fossil evidence

How do plate tectonics affect evolution and the location of life on earth?

locations of continents and oceans have shifted through geologic time, species physically move, adapt, or form new species through natural selection

How do catastrophes affect natural selection?

temperatures warming too quickly makes it hard for species to adapt

Niche

the specific ecological role that a species plays

What are the 5 important roles that a species may play?

native, nonnative, indicator, keystone, foundation

generalist species

broad niche: wide range of tolerance

specialist species

narrow niche: narrow range of tolerance

ecological niche

everything that affects survival and reproduction

How has life on Earth changed over time?

plate tectonics, asteroids, organisms have changed and died out, >95% of all life has gone extinct

How do we know that life on earth has changed?

fossil evidence

How do biotic and abiotic factors drive evolution?

environmental pressures, biotic: genes and mutations bring about change through adaptation

Is life still evolving now?

yes

genetic resistance

ability of one or more members of a population to resist a chemical designed to kill it

speciation

one species splits into two or more

How does geographic isolation affect evolution?

different environmental pressures results in different adaptations

reproductive isolation

mutations and natural selection leads to inability to produce viable offspring when members of two different populations mate

divergent evolution

two species diverge from a common ancestor

convergent evolution

similar features among species without a common ancestor