Final Exam Review- Charts

Dealing with stress and anxiety: Anticipate stress, and be prepared

You can do this by being financially prepared, having a good support system made up of friends and family, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, and managing your time wisely

Dealing with stress and anxiety: Recognize the symptoms

Symptoms may include feeling overwhelmed, suffocated, being behind on daily tasks and physical symptoms like sweaty palms, racing heart, abdominal discomfort, and shortness of breath. Try to identify and remove negative thoughts that contribute to anxiety and increase stress.

Dealing with stress and anxiety: Use positive language

Oftentimes, if you think more positively and use positive language with self-acknowledging statements, you will be successful. Maintain a positive outlook, and you'll hopefully notice that the goals you have established are ultimately reached.

Dealing with stress and anxiety: Practice stress-reducing activities

Walking, running, breathing exercise, playing a sport, practicing relaxation techniques, getting enough sleep, listening to music, starting a new hobby are all good wats to reduce stress and distract your mind from unsettling stressors.

Five money-saving tips for the sonography student

1. Buy used or e-books

2. Carpool

3. Bring your lunch

4. Take online courses

5. Seek employer reimbursement

Time management tips for sonography students

1. Use watching television or a movie as a reward, not as time-wasters

2. Put the devices down, and walk away

3. Plan your day and week

4. Create your own academic calendar

5. Set your own deadlines for assignments early

Five basic steps of goal setting

1. Make a list of priorities and rank them

2. Set measurable and realistic long-term goals

3. Set short-term goals for classroom and clinical

4. Make social and personal goals

5. Strive to meet those goals

Test Preparation Tips

1. Read your textbooks for comprehension

2. Take quality lecture notes

3. Create study cards and mnemonics

4. Form a study group, or find a study partner

5. Develop a study schedule, and take breaks

Test-Taking Tips

1. Examine the length of the test

2. Estimate the time for different parts

3. Answer one item at a time

4. Look for keywords in the questions

5. Eliminate obviously erroneous answers

6. Return to harder questions

7. Hesitate before changing an answer

8. Make a quick outline of your thoughts before answering an essay question

Ranges of sound: Infrasound

<2 Hz

Ranges of sound: Audible sound

Between 2 and 20,000 Hz

Ranges of sound: Ultrasound

> 20,000 Hz

Ranges of sound: Diagnostic ultrasound

Between 2 and 15 MHz

Key concepts of the Hippocratic oath

1. Place the patient's interests before your own

2. Protect your patients from harm or injustice

3. Treat all patients equally

4. Respect the patient's rights

5. Protect patient confidentiality

Daily tasks for the sonography student

1. Assist in completing paperwork

2. Assist in patient care and transporting patients

3. Clean stretchers, chairs, and ultrasound machines

4. Clean ultrasound transducers

5. Inform sonographers of needed supplies

6. Replace dirty linens after exams

7. Review protocols

8. Stock coupling gel

9. Stock rooms with linens and supplies

Work ethic in healthcare

1. Honesty

2. Cooperativeness

3. Empathy

4. Professional attitude

5. Punctuality

6. Reliability

7. Accountability

8. Conscientiousness

9. Courtesy and respectfulness

Clinical Orientation Tasks for Sonography Student

1. Obtain a map of the department

2. Locate emergency crash carts

3. Make copies of sonographic protocols

4. Familiarize yourself with ultrasound machines

5. Locate supplies

6. Locate material safety data sheets (MSDS) and policies and procedure manuals

7. Obtain a list of emergency codes

Radiologist or Interpreting Physician: department and workflow

1. Sonography

2. Computed Tomography

3. Report

4. Nuclear Medicine

5. Mammography

6. Magnetic Resonance Imaging

7. Order from Referring Physician

8. Radiography

Cardiologist or Interpreting Physician: department and workflow

1. Echocardiography

2. Report

3. Electrocardiography

4. Nuclear Medicine

5. Order from Referring Physician

6. Interventional Radiology

Qualities of well-cultivated critical thinkers

1. Asks vital questions and recognizes problems

2. Gathers and assesses relevant information

3. Comes to well-reasoned conclusions and solutions

4. Tests conclusions and solutions against relevant criteria

5. Thinks with an open mind

6. Communicates effectively with others in order to figure out solutions to complex problems

Steps for successful critical thinking in sonography

1. Observation

2. Hypothesis

3. Data collection

4. Data analysis

5. Conclusion

Personal Clinical journal components- Institutional components

1. Map of the department

2. Location of fire exits

3. List of codes

4. Location of crash carts

Personal Clinical journal components- Personal components

1. Goals for the day

2. Daily observations

3. Daily personal reflection

4. Interesting pathology

5. Interesting cases

6. New facts learned

Summary of Myers- Briggs personality typing: Extroversion

You typically tend to speak first and think later, enjoy parties and being in a crowd, and don't mind sharing your many opinions

Summary of Myers- Briggs personality typing: Introversion

You prefer to be in a small group of people you know- and fact enjoy being alone- and you are considered a good listener

Summary of Myers- Briggs personality typing: Sensing

You prefer to focus on concrete ideas and prefer specific answers and less theory

Summary of Myers- Briggs personality typing: Intuition

You enjoy figuring out how things work, look forward to your future prospects, and can multitask

Summary of Myers- Briggs personality typing: Thinking

You believe in truth and justice, are impartial, and art not concerned with popularity

Summary of Myers- Briggs personality typing: Feeling

You try to avoid conflict, love helping others, and often sacrifice for the good of of others

Summary of Myers- Briggs personality typing: Judging

You don't like surprise parties, look serious most of the time, and enjoy keeping lists

Summary of Myers- Briggs personality typing: Perceiving

You find it difficult to focus on one task at a time, enjoy playing games, and cherish new experiences

The five components of emotional intelligence

1. Self-awareness

2. Self-regulation

3. Motivation

4. Empathy

5. Social skills

Elements of self-authoring and a brief explanation of each

1. Trusting the internal voice

2. Building an internal foundation

3. Securing internal commitments

Elements of Compassion: Recognition

Recognizing the patient's adverse circumstance, physical suffering, psychological pain, or emotional well-being

Elements of Compassion: Connection

Personal connection and attentiveness through active communication

Elements of Compassion: Altruistic desire

Selfless help to aid another

Elements of Compassion: Humanistic response

person-to-person understanding of what it is to be human

Elements of Compassion: Action

Undertaking of an act or responsive behavior

Coping with compassion fatigue

1. Be informed and learn more about compassion fatigue

2. Know that compassion fatigue is inevitable, and be prepared

3. Establish support groups

4. Encourage others to talk about traumatic events they experience at work in a weekly meeting

5. Consider seeking outside assistance, or visit employee health

First-rate standards in sonography

1. Understand the overarching rules of the sonography profession and practice within the scope of practice defined by our professional organizations

2. Continually evaluate your character and be sure to hold yourself to high standards

3. Always be a good example for coworkers and those you encounter

4. Treat patients with respect and endeavor to appreciate their uniqueness, while at the same time providing high-quality patient care

5. Work well with others and try not to burn bridges

Required strengths of the sonographer

1. Obtain, review, and integrate pertinent patient history and supporting clinical data to facilitate optimum diagnostic results

2. Perform appropriate procedures and record anatomic, pathologic, and/or physiologic data for interpretation by a physician

3. Record, analyze, and process diagnostic data and other pertinent observations made during the procedure for presentation to the interpreting physician

4. Exercise discretion and judgment in the performance of sonographic and/or other diagnostic services

5. Demonstrate appropriate communication skills with patients and colleagues

6. Act in a professional and ethical manner

7. Provide patient education related to medical ultrasound and/or other diagnostic vascular techniques, and promote principles of good health

Sonographic Reasoning

Clinical history, clinical hypothesis, investigative imaging, sonographic findings, clinical correlation

Routine clinical history questions

1. Why did your doctor order this exam?

2. What are your symptoms? (What medical issues are you having?)

3. How long have you had these symptoms?

4. Have you had any (relevant) surgery?

5. What other tests have you had done for this issue?

6. Have you had a sonogram before?

Routine Clinical Investigation Tasks

Step 1: Examine the patient's chart and/or requisition.

Step 2: Examine the patient's laboratory findings.

Step 3: Examine the reports from the patient's prior imaging studies.

Tips to improve hand-eye coordination

1. Play video games

2. Start playing an instrument

3. Pick up a new sport, or play catch

4. Pick up a new hand-eye hobby

Common sonographic descriptive terminology

1. Anechoic

2. Hypoechoic

3. Hyperechoic

4. Echogenic

5. Isoechoic

6. Complex

7. Homogeneous

8. Heterogeneous

9. Shadowing

10. Acoustic enhancement

Anechoic Explanation

1. Without echoes

2. Dark on the image

3. Fluid-filled structures

4. Produces acoustic enhancements

Anechoic Examples

1. Gallbladder

2. Simple renal cyst

3. Urinary bladder

Hypoechoic Explanation

1. Having few echoes

2. Dark but not black on the image

3. Comparative term

Hypoechoic Examples

1. Solid, dark tumors

2. Fresh blood clot in a vessel

3. Right kidney is more hypoechoic than the liver

Hyperechoic Explanation

1. Having many echoes

2. Bright or gray on the image

3. May produce posterior shadowing

4. Comparative term

Hyperechoic Examples

1. solid, bright tumors

2. hepatic hemangioma

3. aged blood clot in vessel

4. gallstones

Echogenic Explanation

1. Structure that produces echoes

2. Bright or grey on the image

3. Comparative term

Echogenic Examples

1. Diffusely bright

2. Pancreas is more echo genetic than the liver

3. May be used by some synonymously with hyperechoic

Isoechoic Explanation

1. Having the same echogenicity

2. Comparative term

Isoechoic Examples

1. mass that is the same echogenicity as the surrounding tissue

2. focal nodular hyperplasia

Complex (mass) Explanation

1. Having mixed echogenicity

2. A structure that has both fluid and solid components

Complex (mass) Examples

1. Complex ovarian cysts

2. Hydatid cyst in the liver

Homogeneous Explanation

1. Of uniform composition

2. Smooth structure with consistent echogenicity

Homogeneous Examples

1. normal liver

2. normal spleen

Heterogenous Explanation

1. Of differing composition

2. Patchy structure with inconsistent echogenicity

Heterogenous Examples

1. liver with multiple masses

2. Thyroid gland affected by a Graves disease

Shadowing Explanation

1. Failure of the sound beam to pass through an object

Shadowing Examples

1. seen posterior to a gallstone, rib, kidney stone

Acoustic Enhancement Explanation

1. Area of brightness seen distal to a weakly attenuating reflector

Acoustic Enhancement Examples

1. Seen posterior to fluid- filled structures

2. Cysts, urinary bladder, blood vessels

Tips for reducing burnout on the job

1. Take time for breaks between patients, even if only for a few minutes to rest your mind.

2. Learn to manage your stress as discussed in Chapter 1.

3. Get adequate sleep.

4. Inquire often about job task clarification. Ask for others to help you if needed.

5. Get a hobby.

6. Reward yourself for accomplishments on the job, and even if your employer does not recognize you, share those accomplishments with friends and family.

Ways to annoy sonographers

1. Complaining about everything

2. always asking questions

3. being overconfident

4. being lazy

5. being the consummate rule breaker

6. getting personal

Tips for getting more scan time

1. examine schedule and plan ahead

2. make a list of daily tasks to accomplish

3. scan before or after the exam for a few minutes

4. and know your protocols well.

must-know information before presenting case: demographic findings

1. age

2. Gender

3. Race

must-know information before presenting case: clinical history

1. symptoms

2. signs

3. laboratory findings

4. related previous surgeries

5. related previous imaging findings

6. family history

Must know information before presenting case: sonographic finding

1. Abnormal findings

2. Measurements

3. Related normal findings

Components of an abdominal sonographic imaging exam: Abdominal aorta

Abdominal aorta, IVC, and possibly both kidneys

Components of an abdominal sonographic imaging exam: Abdominal wall

Specific area of a palpable mass or the evaluation for hernias and/or hematomas

Components of an abdominal sonographic imaging exam: Appendix or bowel

Appendix (right lower quadrant), affected bowel, and additional quadrant evaluation

Components of an abdominal sonographic imaging exam: Complete abdomen

Pancreas, liver, gallbladder ,biliary tree, kidneys, adrenal glands, abdominal aorta, inferior vena cava, spleen, urinary bladder

Components of an abdominal sonographic imaging exam: Thyroid or neck

Thyroid lobes, parathyroid glands, lateral neck, salivary glands

Components of an abdominal sonographic imaging exam: Peritoneal fluid search

Ascites search in the peritoneal spaces

Components of an abdominal sonographic imaging exam: Renal

Kidneys, adrenal glands, urinary bladder, abdominal aorta

Components of an abdominal sonographic imaging exam: Right upper quadrant

Pancreas, liver, gallbladder, biliary tree, right kidney, right adrenal gland, inferior vena cava, abdominal aorta

Components of an abdominal sonographic imaging exam: Scrotum

Testicles, epididymis, scrotum, spermatic cord, inguinal canal

New ultrasound technology

1. lymph sonography

2. MicroFlow imaging

3. MicroPure

4. Subharmonic imaging

5. Ultrahigh-frequency technology

6. Ultrasound tomography

7. xMATRIX transducers

RDCS

Registered Diagnostic Cardiac Sonographer

RDCS pathway

1. Adult Echocardiography

2. Pediatric Echocardiography

3. Fetal Echocardiography

RDMS

Registered Diagnostic Medical Sonographer

RDMS pathway

1. Abdomen

2. Obstetrics and Gynecology

3. Breast

4. Pediatric Sonography

5. Fetal Echocardiography

RVT

Registered Vascular Technologist

RVT Pathway

1. Vascular technology

Essentials of Servantship in Healthcare

Smile

Ensure patient dignity

Respond to patient needs appropriately

Value the uniqueness of the patient

Advocate patient rights and safety

Never demonstrate disrespect toward the patient

Thank the patient

Serve the patient with compassion

Help others serve the patient

Identify patient mistreatment and demand improvement

Portray professionalism

Qualities of a transformational leader

1. Establishes a vision for followers

2. Inspires followers instead of controlling them

3. Leads by example

4. Contributes to followers' intellectual growth

5. Enhances the meaningfulness of goals

6. Empowers followers through intrinsic motivation

7. Exhibits trust and confidence in followers

8. Enhances the groups identity

Followership styles

resourceful, individualistic, implementer, partner

Followership styles: Resourceful

will only do enough to keep their job

Followership styles: Individualistic

will speak up, but is often not taken seriously because they have been identified as a constant complainer

Followership styles: Implementer

will do whatever the leader asks of them regardless of consequences and does not challenge the leader

Followership styles: Partner

will assume full responsibility for their actions and the leaders behavior and acts accordingly

Staff sonographer professional development

1. Learn new specialties

2. Publish journal articles

3. Lecture

4. Join societies

5. Teach students

6. Get an advanced degree

Seven basic steps for resume writing

1. Identify your resume format

2. Evaluate yourself

3. Identify the specific job requirements for the position

4. Identify your achievements

5. Create a first draft

6. Make a bulleted list of your information

7. Create your final draft

Steps to take before an interview

1. Research the company and the sonography department. Learn more about the company because the they will often ask why you would like to work here

2. Know what is on your resume

3. Make copies of your resume to hand to the interviewers when you leave. They may already have them, but this shows you are prepared

4. Make copies of references

5. Have a notepad and a pencil to take notes. This shows you are attentive

6. Have a list of questions ready to ask your interview

7. Wear a professional outfit- nothing too flashy

8. Get a haircut if you need one

9. Don't wear too much perfume or cologne

10. Get adequate sleep the night before

11. Don't be late

Most common areas of work-related injury for sonographers

Shoulder (84%)

Neck (83%)

Wrist (61%)

Back (58%)

Hands (56%)

Serval ergonomic requirements of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

1. Always use assistive devices to move heavy items or patients

2. Use alternative equipment for tasks that require repetitive motions

3. Position equipment no more than 20-30 degrees away or about arms length to avoid reaching or twisting the trunk or neck

4. Use chairs that have a good back support. The chair should be high but not high enough so that you can still rest both feet flat on the ground.

5. When working on a computer, keep your elbows flexed no more than 100-110 degrees, and keep your wrists in a neutral position

7. Work under nonglare lighting