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Ralph Waldo Emerson
A prominent 19th-century American essayist and philosopher known for his essay 'Self-Reliance', advocating for individualism.
Self-Reliance
An essay by Ralph Waldo Emerson advocating for individualism and the importance of personal intuition.
Rendezvous System
A key trading method in the American fur trade involving annual gatherings of fur trappers and traders.
George Catlin
An American painter and ethnographer known for his portraits of Native American life in the 1830s.
Black Forties
A term referring to the 1840s in the U.S., marked by economic instability and a wave of Irish immigration.
Forty-Eighters
European political refugees from Germany who fled to the U.S. after the failure of the 1848 revolutions.
Nativism
A political ideology prioritizing the interests of native-born inhabitants over immigrants.
Know-Nothing Party
A political movement in the 1850s that supported nativist policies and opposed Irish Catholic immigrants.
Eli Whitney
An American inventor best known for creating the cotton gin, which revolutionized the cotton industry.
Cotton Gin
A machine invented by Eli Whitney that rapidly separates cotton fibers from their seeds.
“Wage Slaves”
A term used to describe workers dependent on wages in poor conditions, especially in Northern factories.
Commonwealth vs. Hunt
An 1842 court case ruling that labor unions were not illegal conspiracies and workers had the right to organize.
“Cult of Domesticity”
A 19th-century belief idealizing women's roles as caregivers and homemakers.
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