Neurodivergence

What does neurodivergence refer to?

Mental or neurological functioning that differs from what is considered typical.

Which conditions are commonly associated with neurodivergence?

Autism and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).

What is the main focus of neurodiversity affirmative care?

To respect neurodivergent traits as natural human variation and support, rather than 'fix' or 'normalize' them.

What are the core principles of neurodiversity affirmative care?

Emphasizing strengths, supporting autonomy, adapting environments, and valuing lived experiences.

What are the DSM-5-TR diagnostic criteria for ADHD?

Inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, with symptoms present for over 6 months in multiple settings.

What are some symptoms of inattentive presentation of ADHD?

Difficulty sustaining attention, careless mistakes, forgetfulness, and disorganization.

What characterizes hyperactive/impulsive presentation of ADHD?

Fidgeting, difficulty remaining seated, excessive talking, and blurting out answers.

How is ADHD often underdiagnosed in females?

Females may present with more inattentive symptoms and engage in masking behaviors.

What are common assessment methods for ADHD in children?

Multi-informant reports, standardized scales, developmental history, and observation assessments.

What types of medications are used for ADHD treatment?

Stimulant medications (e.g., Methylphenidate, Amphetamines) and non-stimulant medications (e.g., Atomoxetine).

What are some behavioral treatments for ADHD?

Parent Management Training, cognitive behavioral therapy, and social skills training.

What is Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?

A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by challenges in social communication and restricted repetitive behaviors.

What are the core deficits in social communication for individuals with ASD?

Difficulties in social-emotional reciprocity, nonverbal communication, and maintaining relationships.

What are the severity levels of ASD?

Level 1 (requiring support), Level 2 (requiring substantial support), Level 3 (requiring very substantial support).

What are key components of ASD assessment?

Developmental history, standardized tools, parent and teacher questionnaires, and direct behavioral observation.

What types of therapies are beneficial for individuals with ASD?

Speech and language therapy, occupational therapy, social skills training, and psychotherapy.

What modern considerations are important in autism care?

Focusing on quality of life, reducing masking, and supporting authentic communication.

What strengths are often associated with neurodivergent individuals?

Attention to detail, deep focus, unique problem-solving, and strong memory.

What is the goal of neurodiversity affirmative care?

To promote inclusion, self-acceptance, and overall well-being.

What is the significance of identity-first language in neurodiversity?

It values the identity of neurodivergent individuals by placing their neurodivergence before the person.

What are some common co-occurring conditions with ADHD?

Anxiety and depression.

What is the role of environmental supports in ADHD treatment?

To provide accommodations like structured routines and visual schedules to aid functioning.

What is the purpose of cognitive and adaptive testing in ASD assessment?

To identify cognitive strengths and weaknesses.

What is the role of parent-mediated interventions in ASD?

To train parents to support their child's learning and behavior effectively.

What is the focus of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) for ADHD?

To improve attention and emotional regulation.

What are some common symptoms of ADHD in adults?

Inattention, disorganization, impulsivity, and difficulty managing time.

What is the importance of multi-informant reports in ADHD assessment?

They provide a comprehensive view of the individual's behavior across different settings.

What are some characteristics of restricted and repetitive behaviors in ASD?

Repetitive movements, need for sameness, and intense fixated interests.