AMSCO AP World History Modern- Unit 4

Primogeniture Laws

English laws that only led eldest sons inherit land, leading younger sons to search for money via things like joint-stock companies.

Omani-European Rivalry

porteguese vs the omani over the muslim controlled indian ocean trade

Cartography

The science of making maps

Astronomical Chart

a guide to the stars to help navigation

Maritime Empires

empires based on sea travel

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

trading post empire

Form of imperial dominance based on control of trade rather than on control of subject peoples.

Manila

Capital of the Spanish Philippines and a major multicultural trade city that already had a population of more than 40,000 by 1600.

Prince Henry the Navigator

(1394-1460) Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire.

Galleons

Large, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from New World colonies to Spain; basis for convoy system utilized by Spain for transportation of bullion.

Christopher Columbus

He mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India.

Bartholomew Diaz

(1487-1488) Portuguese, first European to reach the southern tip of Africa in 1488.

Vasco da Gama

Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route.

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world.

Northwest Passage

A water route from the Atlantic to the Pacific through northern Canada and along the northern coast of Alaska. Sought by navigators since the 16th century.

Jacques Cartier

French explorer who explored the St. Lawrence river and laid claim to the region for France (1491-1557)

Samuel de Champlain

French explorer in Nova Scotia who established a settlement on the site of modern Quebec (1567-1635)

John Cabot

English explorer who claimed Newfoundland for England while looking for Northwest Passage

Henry Hudson

An English explorer who explored for the Dutch. He claimed the Hudson River around present day New York and called it New Netherland. He also had the Hudson Bay named for him

Quebec

First permanent French settlement in North America, founded by Samuel de Champlain

New France

French colony in North America, with a capital in Quebec, founded 1608. New France fell to the British in 1763.

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia

New Amsterdam

Dutch colonial settlement that served as the capital of New Netherland. This later became "New York City"

Smallpox

The overall deadliest known disease in the history of the world. In the 20th century alone there were approximately 500,000,000 people who died of this disease.

horse

Animal introduced by Europeans that changed Indian way of life on the Great Plains

conquistadores

Spanish 'conqueror' or soldier in the New World. They were searching for the 3-G's: gold, God, and glory.

Maize

An early form of corn grown by Native Americans

cacao

Tropical tree whose seeds are used to make chocolate and cocoa

okra

a flowering plant in the mallow family. It is valued for its edible green seed pods.

rice

crop upon which China's and Native American agricultural economy was based

sugarcane

a grassy plant that is a natural source of sugar

Creole

A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated.

Gumbo

a traditional Louisiana dish; a hearty Creole soup made of seafood, chicken, okra, and other vegetables

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Transatlantic Slave Trade

Trading of slaves from Africa to the Americas

Engenhos

Portuguese term for sugar cane mill and the associated facilities

cash crop

a crop produced for its commercial value rather than for use by the grower.

African Diaspora

The separation of Africans from their homeland through centuries of forced removal to serve as slaves in the Americas and elsewhere.

Asante Empire

Established in Gold Coast among Akan people settled around Kumasi; dominated by Oyoko clan; many clans linked under Osei Tutu after 1650.

Kingdom of Kongo

Basin of the Congo (Zaire) river, conglomeration of several village alliances, participated actively in trade networks, most centralized rule of the early Bantu kingdoms, royal currency: cowries, ruled 14th-17th century until undermined by Portuguese slave traders

Ming Dynasty

Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China.

Aztec Empire

Central American empire constructed by the Mexica and expanded greatly during the fifteenth century during the reigns of Itzcoatl and Motecuzoma I.

Inca Empire

Empire in Peru. conquered by Pizarro, who began an empire for the Spanish in 1535

New Spain

After the defeat of the Aztecs, it was a Spanish colony. Its capital was Mexico City.

Mexico City

Capital of New Spain; built on ruins of Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan.

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541).

Atahualpa

Last ruling Inca emperor of Peru. He was executed by the Spanish.

Treaty of Tordesillas

A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

Hispaniola

First island in Caribbean settled by Spaniards; settlement founded by Columbus on second voyage to New World; Spanish base of operations for further discoveries in New World.

Silver

Due to the changes in the growing Atlantic economy, by 1581 China was requiring that all land taxes were to be paid for with what form of currency?

Colonies

a group of people who leave their native country to form in a new land a settlement subject to, or connected with, the parent nation.

Indentured Servitude

A worker bound by a voluntary agreement to work for a specified period of years often in return for free passage to an overseas destination. Before 1800 most were Europeans; after 1800 most indentured laborers were Asians.

Chattel Slavery

Absolute legal ownership of another person, including the right to buy or sell that person.

Encomienda

A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it

encomenderos

Spanish settlers who were granted natives for labor and in return looked after their welfare and instructed them into the Christian faith.

Coercive Labor Systems

Included slavery, indentured servitude, serfdom, and other coercive labor systems in the Americas.

Hacienda system

similar to the feudal system, Natives got money and had to buy their products from their owners

Mita System

The system recruiting workers for particularly difficult and dangerous chores that free laborers would not accept.

Middle Passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

Capital

money for investment

Commercial Revolution

the expansion of the trade and business that transformed European economies during the 16th and 17th centuries.

Price Revolution

period in European history when inflation rose rapidly

Joint Stock Companies

a company whose stock is owned jointly by the shareholders.

limited liability

A form of business ownership in which the owners are liable only up to the amount of their individual investments.

East India Company

An English company formed in 1600 to develop trade with the new British colonies in India and southeastern Asia.

Dutch East India Company

Government-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies.

Triangular Trade

A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa

Monopoly

A market in which there are many buyers but only one seller.

Syncretism

a blending of beliefs and practices from different religions into one faith

Polygyny

One male, several females.

Creoles

Descendents of Spanish-born but born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, economic status.

Santeria

Cuban religion that combines Catholic and West African beliefs

Vodun

African religious ideas and practices among descendants of African slaves in Haiti.

Candomble

African religious ideas and practices in Brazil, particularly among the Yoruba people.

Virgin of Guadalupe

Apparition of the Virgin Mary that has become a symbol of Mexican nationalism.

Viceroys

representatives of the Spanish monarch in Spain's colonial empire

Audiencias

Courts appointed by the king who reviewed the administration of viceroys serving Spanish colonies in America.

Dahomey

West African kingdom that became strong through its rulers' exploitation of the slave trade.

Oyo

yoruban city-state; had a king who used nobles in provinces. secret society of Ogboni checked the king's power

Ndongo

Central African kingdom that ruled during the 1400s

Matamba

A pre-colonial African state located in what is now modern day Angola. It was a powerful kingdom that long resisted Portuguese colonization attempts.

Black Sea

This body of water is North of present-day Turkey.

Steppe

A large area of flat unforested grassland in southeastern Europe or Siberia.

Maratha Empire

The Maratha or Mahratta Confederacy was a South Asian imperial power that existed from 1674 to 1818. An excellent example of yet another rebellion against imperial power (the Mughals) in this time period

Ana Nzinga

17th century Angolan queen who fought off the Portuguese colonizers by pretending to accept Christianity, but actually was partnered with their enemies, the Dutch, and also developed a powerful trade nation instead of waging internal war.

Yemelyan Pugachev

Cossack who led an unsuccessful peasant rebellion in the 1770s.

James II

This was the Catholic king of England after Charles II that granted everyone religious freedom and even appointed Roman Catholics to positions in the army and government

William of Orange

Dutch prince invited to be king of England after The Glorious Revolution. Joined League of Augsburg as a foe of Louis XIV.

Mary II

(1689-1694) This daughter of James II came to the throne and ruled jointly with her husband and 1st cousin, William of Orange, when James II was deposed in the Glorious Revolution.

Mohegan

a member of a group of Pequot Indians that broke with the Pequot and then fought against them in the Pequot War

Pequot

First Native-American group to take a major stand against colonists

Wampanoag

a member of the Algonquian people of Rhode Island and Massachusetts who greeted the Pilgrims

Fronde

a french rebellion that was caused by Mazarin's attempt to increase royal revenue and expand state bureaucracy, caused Louis XIV to distrust the state and turn to absolutism

Metacom's War

Native Americans battle New England colonies; large percentage of native americans died, making it one of the bloodiest wars in US; severely damaged the Native American presence in the new world

Pugachev Rebellion

Eugene Pugachev, a Cossack soldier, led a huge serf uprising-demanded end to serfdom, taxes and army service; landlords and officials murdered all over southwestern Russia; eventually captured and executed

Pueblo Revolt

Native American revolt against the Spanish in late 17th century; expelled the Spanish for over 10 years; Spain began to take an accommodating approach to Natives after the revolt

Maroon Wars

Jamaica

Gloucester County Rebellion

The Gloucester County Conspiracy, also known as the Servant's Plot or Birkenhead's Rebellion, is one of the first slave rebellions in America. This event set the stage for many of the slave uprisings that followed in the decades to come.

Glorious Revolution

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

Mehmed II

Ottoman sultan called the "Conqueror"; responsible for conquest of Constantinople in 1453; destroyed what remained of Byzantine Empire.