AP Human Geography Urban Models /Urban Geography

Sector Model

Model Pictured is...

Concentric Zone Model

Model Pictured is...

Multiple Nuclei Model

Model Pictured is...

Peripheral/Edge City Model

Model Pictured is...

Urban Realms Model

Model Pictured is...

South East Asian Port City Model

Model Pictured is...

African Model

Model Pictured is...

Latin America Model

Model Pictured is...

shaped in a ring pattern

concentric zone is...

illustrates a city growing from a central cbd along transportation corridors that look like wedge shaped pieces of pie

sector model...

reflects declining importance of CBD in automobile area and shows that a city might actually have multiple cbd type areas, a good fit for sprawling cities.

multiple nuclei model...

commercial spine

high rise area, elite residential sector of the latin american model is found along the...

Agglomeration

A process involving the clustering or concentrating of people or activities. The term often refers to manufacturing plants and businesses that benefit from close proximity because they share skilled labor pools and technological and financial amenities

Blockbusting

Rapid change in the racial composition of residential blocks in American cities that occurs when real estate agents and others stir up fears of neighborhood decline after encouraging people of color to move to previously white neighborhoods. In the resulting outmigration, real estate agents profit through the turnover of properties.

Central Business District (CBD)

The downtown heart of a central city that is marked by high land values, a concentration of business and commerce, and the clustering of the tallest buildings

Centrality

The strength of an urban center in its capacity to attract producers and consumers to its facilities: a city's "reach" into the surrounding regions as the center point

Central-Place Theory

Explains how and where central places in the urban hierarchy should be functionally and spatially distributed with respect to one another

City

Conglomeration of people and buildings clustered together to serve as a center of politics, culture and economics

Commercialization

The transformation of an area of a city into an area attractive to residents and tourists alike in terms of economic activity...often government lead process

Deindustrialization

Process by which companies move industrial jobs to other regions with cheaper labor, leaving the region to switch to a service economy and work through a period of high unemployment

Edge Cities

term used to describe the shifting focus of urbanization in the United States away from the central business district toward new loci of economic activity at the urban fringe. These areas are characterized by extensive amounts of office and retail space, few residential areas and modern buildings

Gentrification

The rehabilitation of deteriorated, often abandoned, housing of low-income inner-city residents...often individual lead process

Hinterland

land outside the city or literally "country behind" a term that applies to a surrounding area served by an urban center

Megalopolis

Term used to designate large conurbations of people in cities that have grown together

Primate City

A country's largest city-ranking atop the urban hierarchy-most expressive of the national culture and usually the capital city as well. No city even close in population within the country.

Rank-size rule

In a model urban hierarchy, the idea that the population of a city or town will be inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy

Redlining

A discriminatory real estate's practice in North America in which members of minority groups are prevented from obtaining money to purchase homes or property in predominantly white neighborhoods. Today it is officially illegal.

Site

The internal physical attributes of a place, including its absolute location, its spatial character and physical setting

Situation

The external location attributes of a place, its relative location or regional position with reference to other nonlocal places

Suburb

A subsidiary urban area surrounding and connected to the central city. Many are exclusively residential; others have their own commercial centers or shopping malls

Suburbanization

Movement of upper and middle class people from urban core areas to the surrounding outskirts to escape pollution as well as deteriorating social conditions.

Urban Hierarchy

A ranking of settlements according to their size and economic functions

Urban Morphology

The study of the physical form and structure of urban places

World City

Dominant city in terms of its role in the global political economy.

Zoning

Areas of a city with a relatively uniform land use.

Economic Basic Sector Jobs

A community's collection of basic industries. These jobs will lead to non-basic sector jobs.

Squatter Settlement

An area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures

Threshold

The minimum number of people needed to support the service

Range

The maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service

Cityscapes

An urban landscape

Decentralization

The tendency of people or businesses and industry to locate outside the central city and spread cities further and further leading to sprawl

Megacities

A term that refers to a particularly large urban center...usually 10 million or more

Neighborhood

A small social area within a city where residents share values and concerns and interact with one another on a daily basis

Urbanized Population

The proportion of a country's population living in cities

Infrastructure

The basic structure of services, installations, and facilities needed to support industrial, agricultural and other economic development

Metropolitan Area

In the United States, a large functionally integrated settlement area comprising of one or more whole county units and usually containing several urbanized areas

Peak Value Intersection

The most accessible and costly parcel of land in the central business district and therefore in the entire urbanized area

Bid-rent Theory

Geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand for real estate changes as the distance from the Central Business District decreases..aso takes into account the usefulness of the land.

Colonial city

Cities that arose in societies that fell under the domination of Europe and North America in the early expansion of the capitalist world system

Counterurbanization

Net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries

Favela

Term used for a shanty town in Brazil

Gateway City

A settlement which acts as a link between two areas or entry point

Planned Communities

A residential district that is planned for a certain class of residents

Shock City

A city that grows so fast, its infrastructure can't keep up. (Historical Ex. Chicago, Current Ex. Sao Paulo)

Public Services

Jobs that serve the needs of the public and are offered by the government. ex. cops, firefighters

Consumer Services

Businesses that provide services primarily to individual consumers, including retail services and personal services

ex. Walmart, Target, any store

Business Services

Services that primarily meet the needs of other businesses

ex. Trucking company that serves big box stores

Back Office Jobs

Non-Client facing jobs that keep a company going, found in periphery countries because they offer lower wages and ability to speak English

ex. IT work done in China or India for a US company

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