History Test!

Nationalism

Deep devotion to one's nation

Militarism

A policy of glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war

Triple Entente (Allied Powers)

Britain, France, Russia

Triple Alliance

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

Central Powers

Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Empire

Schlieffen Plan

-A strategy drawn up by Germany to avoid fighting a war on two fronts

-hold action against Russia (stronger power) and try to defeat France in Paris and then after France had fallen go defeat Russia

-significance: avoid war on two fronts by defeating Fr and to only have to focus on the eastern front and Russia

"no man's land"

a barren expanse of mud pockmarked with shell craters and filled with barbed wire

-significance: separated the front lines of the opposing army, provided protection

Trench Warfare

-weapons: machine gun, tanks

-both sides on the defensive

-bad conditions

-Western front: Germany vs France

-Eastern Front: Germany vs Russia

-22 mil deaths

-20 mil wounded

-economic costs of war: $338 billion

Lusitania

-May 7, 1915

-Br ship was sunk and 1,198 people died, 128 were Americans

-sunk by German U-boat (submarine)

-angered the U.S

-significance:turned public opinion against Germany both in the U.S and abroad and one was of the reasons the U.S got involved in the war

Arabic

-3 months after the Lusitania

-Germans sunk another boat, killing 2 Americans

-this outraged Americans and this is when Germany agreed to stop sinking anymore passenger ships

Sussex

-March 1916

-Germany broke its promised and torpedoed a French passenger steamer

-80 passengers including Americans died

Zimmerman Note

-alliance between Germany + Mexico

-Germany promised if war with the U.S broke out, Germany would support Mexico and help regain lost territory of Texas, New Mexico and Arizona

-significance: forced the U.S and Woodrow Wilson to rethink the U.S involvement in the European conflict and commit the U.S to war with Germany, Germany's way of distracting the U.S from the war in Europe

Selective Service Act

-law requiring men to register for the government to be randomly selected for military service

-significance: allow a fair and equal draft

Convoy System

-a system in which merchant ships travel with naval vessels for protection against German U-boats

-recommended by Admiral William S Sims

-significance: rapid decrease of German attacks on allied ships, shipping losses decreased by half

American Expeditionary Force

-the U.S. forces, led by Gen. John Pershing, who fought with the allies in Europe during WWI

-significance: fill the need for troops in Europe (Br + Fr have been fighting since 1914)

Armistice

-An agreement to stop fighting; truce

-Nov 11, 1918 Germany signed the armistice

-significance: fastest most peaceful way to end war

War Industries Board

-Government agency established to coordinate the purchase of war supplies during World War I.

-Bausch

Railroad Administration

-controlled the railroads

Fuel Administration

-managed use of coal and oil

Food Administration

-This government agency was headed by Herbert Hoover and was established to increase the production of food and ration food for the military.

National War Labor Board

- to deal with disputes between management and labor

-made by Woodrow Wilson

-Workers who refused to obey board decisions could lose their draft exemptions

-"work or fight"

-significant: board helped to improve factory conditions, pushed for an eight hour workday, promoted safety inspections and enforced the child labor ban

Committee on Public Information

-propaganda agency

-It was headed by journalist George Creel. \---The purpose of this committee was to mobilize people's minds for war, both in America and abroad. Tried to get the entire U.S. public to support U.S. involvement in WWI.

Espionage and Sedition Acts

-laws that enacted harsh punishments against anyone who opposed participation in the war

-a person could be fined up to $10,000 and sentenced to 20yrs in jail for interfering with the war effort or for saying anything disloyal

-Significant: goes against the first amendment of freedom of speech

Great Migration

-the large-scale movement of African Americans from the South to Northern cities

-significance: began a new era of political activism for African Americans

Women's Peace Party

-founded by Jane Adams, political party against the war

Fourteen points

-plan for future of the world

*end all secret treaties

*arms reduction

*freedom of seas

*self-determination: Nat'l borders to be adjusted so people could govern themselves

*14th point: League of Nations: an international organization to keep peace

League of Nations

- International organization to keep peace

-40 + nations joined

Reparations

-Payment for war damages

-Germany had to pay allies $33 billion worth of reparations

War-Guilt Clause

forced Germany to admit sole responsibility for starting WWI

Woodrow Wilson

,28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations, National War labor board

Jeannette Rankin

first woman elected to Congress

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

heir to the Austria-Hungarian throne, was assassinated in Sarajevo by Gavrilo Princip, started World War I.

Gavrilo Princip

The assassin of Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria, a member of the Black Hand (Serbian nationalist)

Charles Evans Hughes

-Supreme Court Justice who ran in the 1916 election against Woodrow Wilson and losses

Eddie Rickenbacker

-Famous American pilot who downed 26 enemy fighters in WWI

-racecar driver before the war

-ace of aces

Manfred von Richthofen

-a German fighter pilot known as "The Red Baron"

-fought against Rickenbacker

Henry Johnson

-was an African American soldier who received the French Croix de Guerre for bravery in combat

Needham Roberts

-African American soldier who was awarded the Croix de Guerre, a high military honor from the French Government.

Joseph Douglas Lawrence

-a US army lieutenant

General John J. Pershing

-led the American Expeditionary Force

Alvin York

-blacksmith from Tennessee

- conscientious objector: opposes warfare on moral grounds but eventually he ruled that fighting was a justified cause,

-AEF soldier

Marshal Foch

-French supreme commander of Allied forces

Newton Baker

Secretary of War for the U.S

Bernard M. Baruch

Leader of the War Industries Board

Herbert Hoover

-Food Administration

-opposed the treaty of Versailles: thought it was too harsh

William G. McAdoo

-In charge of the railroad administration.

George Creel:

-Headed the Committee on Public Information, for promoting the war effort in WWI

-used lots of propaganda

George Clemenceau

French prime minister

David Lloyd George:

British Prime Minister

Vittorio Orlando

Italian prime minister

Henry Cabot Lodge

-Opposed the League of Nations