AP Bio unit 7

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 23 people
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/38

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

39 Terms

1
New cards
Catastrophism
a principle that states that geologic change occurs suddenly
2
New cards
Uniformitarianism
is the idea that the geologic processes that operate today also operated in the past
3
New cards
Adaptations
traits that improve an individual's ability to survive and reproduce
4
New cards
Natural Selection
process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest
5
New cards
Homology
the quality of being similar or corresponding in position or value or structure or function
6
New cards
Homologous Structures
same structure but different function
7
New cards
Analogous Structures
species that have the same function but different structure
8
New cards
Convergent Evolution
process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments
9
New cards
Evolutionary Tree
A branching diagram that reflects different species that in the beginning originated from a common ancestor however as time passed they diverged
10
New cards
Vestigial Structures
remnant of a structure that may have had an important function in a species' ancestors, but has no clear function in the modern species
11
New cards
Microevolution
small populations are most affected, evolution on the smallest scale—a generation-to-generation change in the frequencies of alleles within a population
12
New cards
Geographic Variation
Differences between the gene pools of geographically separate populations or population subgroups.
13
New cards
Cline
A graded change in a character along a geographic axis.
14
New cards
Population
a group of organisms of the same species populating a given area
15
New cards
Gene Pool
all of the alleles in all the individuals that make up a population
16
New cards
Hardy-Weinberg Principle
principle that allele frequencies in a population will remain constant unless one or more factors cause the frequencies to change
17
New cards
Genetic Drift
change in the gene pool of a population due to chance
18
New cards
Founder Effect
change in allele frequencies as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population
19
New cards
Bottleneck Effect
Genetic drift resulting from the reduction of a population, typically by a natural disaster, such that the surviving population is no longer genetically representative of the original population.
20
New cards
Gene Flow
movement of alleles into or out of a population due to the migration of individuals to or from the population
21
New cards
Relative Fitness
the contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation, relative to the contributions of other individuals in the population
22
New cards
Directional Selection
form of natural selection in which the entire curve moves; occurs when individuals at one end of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end of the curve
23
New cards
Disruptive Selection
form of natural selection in which a single curve splits into two; occurs when individuals at the upper and lower ends of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle
24
New cards
Stabilizing Selection
form of natural selection by which the center of the curve remains in its current position; occurs when individuals near the center of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals at either end
25
New cards
Sexual Selection
a form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates
26
New cards
Sexual Dimorphism
Differences in physical characteristics between males and females of the same species. For example, humans are slightly dimorphic for body size, with males being taller, on average, than females of the same population.
27
New cards
Intrasexual Selection
A direct competition among individuals of one sex (usually the males in vertebrates) for mates of the opposite sex.
28
New cards
Intersexual Selection
Selection whereby individuals of one sex (usually females) are choosy in selecting their mates from individuals of the other sex; also called mate choice.
29
New cards
Heterozygote Advantage
greater reproductive success of heterozygous individuals compared to homozygotes; tends to preserve variation in gene pools
30
New cards
Speciation
the formation of new species as a result of evolution
31
New cards
Macroevolution
large-scale evolutionary changes that take place over long periods of time
32
New cards
Reproductive Isolation
separation of species that prevents them from interbreeding and producing fertile offspring
33
New cards
Hybrid
an organism that is the offspring of genetically dissimilar parents or stock
34
New cards
Prezygotic Barrier
a barrier that can not be able to produce fertile offspring at all
35
New cards
Postzygotic Barrier
Any of several species-isolating mechanisms that prevent hybrids produced by two different species from developing into viable, fertile adults.
36
New cards
Allopatric Speciation
The formation of a new species as a result of an ancestral population's becoming isolated by a geographic barrier.
37
New cards
Sympatric Speciation
The formation of new species in populations that live in the same geographic area
38
New cards
Hybrid Zone
a geographic region in which members of different species meet and mate, producing at least some offspring of mixed ancestry
39
New cards
Punctuated Equilibrium
Pattern of evolution in which long stable periods are interrupted by brief periods of more rapid change