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Erikson’s Theory
industry vs. inferiority; children try to master many skills and they either feel competent or incompetent as they develop a sense of themselves
Freud’s Latency Stage
believed that not much of interest occurs during middle childhood development
self-concept
one’s knowledge of who they are, more developed in middle childhood and includes interests, traits, and social groups
Group Socialization Theory (Judith Rich Harris)
believed that the role of parents in their children’s lives has been greatly exaggerated, and the peer group actually plays a more significant role in shaping adult personality characteristics
family structures
nuclear, blended, or single parent/extended family
outcomes of nuclear family
lower stress, more stable environment
outcomes of blended family
stepparents or step siblings can sometimes cause conflict between family members and therefore introduce higher stress
outcomes of single parent/extended family
usually means lower income and therefore higher stress
factors that affect family functioning
low income and high stress
family stress model
the effect of any risk factor depends on whether or not it increases stress in the family
parentification
a situation where a child takes on the role of a caregiver, either by filling the role of caregiver for their siblings or a parent or being used as a confidant for one or both parents
the peer group
believed to have more impact on adult personality characteristics than parents
popularity in early elementary school
kids are kind, trustworthy, and cooperative
popularity in late elementary school
kids are cool, athletic, arrogant, dominant, and aggressive
types of unpopular children
neglected, withdrawn rejected, and aggressive rejected
social cognition
the ability to understand the causes and consequences of behavior and adjust one’s behavior accordingly, and predicts acceptance and rejection
bullying
repeated, systematic attacks on those who are unlikely or unable to defend themselves
roles associated with bullying
bully, victim, bully-victim, enforcers, defenders, and outsiders
types of bullying
physical, verbal, relational, retaliation, and cyberbullying
bullying interventions
multifaceted approaches that involve positive reinforcement for prosocial behavior, continued communication with paretns and caregivers, and bystander intervention
Kohlberg’s stages of moral development
preconventional, conventional, and postconventional
preconventional moral development
avoid punishments and get rewards, little kids think that if you get in trouble for doing something, then what you did was bad or wrong
conventional moral development
more emphasis on social rules, school aged kids believe that if it breaks a law or rule, then it is bad or wrong
postconventional moral development
focus on ideals, adolescents and beyond consider the greater good and if the ends justify the means to determine if something is bad or wrong