radiographic anatomy test #1

Anatomical study

Measuring an organ's size, shape, & weight; studied in dead specimen; involves dissection, observation, and directional terms; static (still-not moving). Example: Weighing a kidney during a transplant surgery procedure.

Physiological study

Often study in living subjects; involves chemistry principles, physics principles, observation of a part in motion or in function, experimentation; dynamic (moving-motion). Example: Measuring the acid content of the stomach.

The Principle of Complementarity of Structure and Function

Function always follows structure; both are needed to have a properly functioning body part; they complement each other.

Anatomy

The study of internal and external structures of the body and their relationships.

Physiology

The study of how organisms perform their vital functions.

Microscopic Anatomy

Structures cannot be seen without magnification.

Gross (Macroscopic) Anatomy

Structures can be seen with the human eye.

Cytology

The study of cells.

Histology

The study of tissues.

Surface Anatomy

The study of general form and superficial markings.

Regional Anatomy

The study of specific body areas.

Systemic Anatomy

The study of organ systems.

Developmental Anatomy

The study of changes in the body from conception to physical maturity.

Medical Anatomy

The study of anatomy during an illness.

Radiographic Anatomy

The study of anatomy using medical imaging techniques.

Surgical Anatomy

The study of anatomy during surgery.

Cell Physiology

The study of cellular functions.

Special Physiology

The study of the function of a specific organ.

Systemic Physiology

The study of the functions of organ systems.

Pathological P

Study of the effects of diseases on organ or system functions.

Hierarchy of structural organizations

Chemical (molecular) level, Cellular level, Tissue level, Organ level, Organ system level, Organismal level.

Atoms

Smallest unit of matter.

Molecules

Smallest subdivision of a substance.

Organelles

Structures within cells that perform specific functions.

Cells

Organelle's structural/functional units.

Tissue

Groups of similar cells that perform a specific function.

Organ

A structure composed of two or more tissue types that performs a specific function.

Organ System

A group of organs that work together to perform complex functions.

Organism

The highest level of organization, a living being.

Integumentary System

Includes hair, skin, nails; protects internal organs from drying out and senses pain, pressure, and temperature.

Skeletal System

Includes bones, joints, cartilages; protects, supports, moves, provides levers for movement, mineral storage, and blood forming (bone marrow).

Muscular System

Includes skeletal muscles; moves the limbs and other parts of the skeleton and produces heat.

Nervous System

Includes brain, nerves, spinal cord, sensory receptors; fast-acting control system of the body that helps maintain homeostasis.

Endocrine System

Includes glands such as pituitary & thyroid; regulates growth, reproduction, nutrient use, and directs long-term responses to change.

Cardiovascular System

Includes heart & great vessels; pumps blood, carries O2, exchanges CO2, nutrients, and wastes.

Lymphatic System

Includes thoracic duct, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, spleen; disposes of debris and is part of the immune system.

Immune System

Includes thymus, lymph nodes, red bone marrow, spleen, lymphocytes; protects the body and destroys bacteria & tumor cells.

Respiratory System

Includes nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, lungs, alveoli; removes CO2 from the blood.

Digestive System

Includes oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus; breaks down food for nutrients.

Urinary System

Includes kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra; rids body of nitrogenous wastes and eliminates excesses.

Reproductive System

Male: seminal vesicles, prostate gland, vas deferens, testis, scrotum, penis; Female: ovary, uterine tube, uterus, vagina; allows for conception & child bearing.

Maintenance of Life: Organization

Systematic arrangement of the body systems.

Metabolism

All chemical reactions that occur in the body; waste products are excreted.

Catabolism

Breaks down complex substances into simple ones.

Anabolism

Builds up simple substances into complex ones.

Responsiveness

Irritability; ability of sensing stimuli and then reacting to it.

Movement

Movements caused by the muscular system.

Reproduction

Reproduces offspring.

Growth

An increase in size.

Differentiation

Developmental process by which unspecialized cells change into specialized cells.

Respiration

Exchange of O and CO2 between cells and the external environment.

Digestion

Processing of breaking down ingested foodstuffs to provide nutrients.

Excretion

Removing excess wastes.

Maintenance of boundaries

Keeps things inside that are supposed to be inside and things outside that are supposed to be outside.

Nutrients

Needed for energy and cell building.

Carbohydrates

Major fuel for body cells.

Oxygen

Needed for chemical actions which release nutrients.

Water

60-80% of total body weight.

Heat/Temperature regulation

Needs to be in a normal body range.

Atmospheric pressure regulation

Breathing and exchange of O2 and CO2 in the lungs depend on atmospheric pressure.

Homeostasis

A state of body equilibrium or the maintenance of a stable internal environment of the body.

Negative feedback

Turns off or reduces the original stimulus (e.g., body temperature, heart rate, breathing rate).

Positive feedback

Enhances the initial stimulus, leading to an enhancement of the response (e.g., blood clotting and labor contractions).

Homeostatic imbalance

Things 'out-of-wack'.

Thoracic cavity

Located in the chest.

Abdominal cavity

Located in the abdomen.

Pelvic cavity

Located in the pelvis.

Diaphragm

Separates Thoracic & Abdominal cavities.

Peritoneum

Separates Abdominal & Pelvic cavities.

Mediastinum

Separates right & left pleural cavities in the chest.

Cranial cavity

Contains the skull and brain.

Vertebral cavity

Also known as the spinal cavity.

Oral cavity

Contains the mouth.

Nasal cavity

Contains the nose.

Orbital cavity

Contains the eye.

Middle Ear cavity

Contains structures for hearing.

Synovial cavity

Contains joint spaces.

Inguinal

Also known as Iliac.

Digestive organs

Includes mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anal canal.

Accessory digestive organs

Includes salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, and biliary system.

Barium Enema

A procedure for imaging the colon.

Patient Position for Barium Enema

Left lateral position (Sim's) with right knee drawn up towards the chest.

Hepatic flexure of colon

Located near the liver.

Splenic flexure of colon

Located near the spleen.

Directional Terms

Describes the position of body parts relative to each other.

KUB

Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder

RLQ

Right Lower Quadrant

CXR

Chest X-ray

R/O

Rule Out

Dx

Diagnosis

Rx

Prescription/Therapy

Hx

History

ASAP

As Soon As Possible

STAT

Immediately

ED or ER

Emergency Department or Room

US

Ultrasound (Sonography)

NMT

Nuclear Medicine Technology

CT

Computed Tomography

AP

Anterior Posterior

PA

Posterior Anterior