SCI-TECH FINALS

Industrial Revolution

shift from a agrarian economy to a manufacturing economy

A process of economic transformation

Britain, 18th Century

beginning of Industrial Revolution

Fly-shuttle

a spinning machine for increased weaving speed

Water-frame

Strong spun thread for ward

Rude power loom

For mechanized weaving operations

Cotton gin

for separation of cotton from seeds

Use of coke for iron smelting

Non – malleability

Blast Furnace

for cheaper and faster smelting of iron

Puddling furnace

For maintenance of low temperature

Mile-long canals

Marked the beginning of canal-building era in England

Steam boat

could travel a 20- mile-long distance

Steam ship

Was able to cross the Atlantic

Puffing Billy

Could pull 8 poll wagons at mph

Steam locomotive with steam blast

Could run at a speed of 29 mph

Electric telegraph

For sending or receiving messages using electric transmission over wire

Telephone

for long distance communication using wire and radio signals

Radio

For wireless communication using electromagnetic waves

Gas lighting

lighting by burning gas

Bunsen burner

Uses gas and air for an intensely hot blue flame

Electric light

Made use of bulb for lighting

Charles-Augustine De Coloumb

Coloumb’s Law

Alessandro Volta

Cell or Battery

Hans Christian Oersted

Oersted’s Law

André-Marie Ampère

Ampere’s Law

Paul Erman

discovered that the Earth is itself a weak magnet

Michael Faraday

Faraday effect ; principles underlying electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism and electrolysis.

James Clerk Maxwell

Unification theory of electricity and magnetism

Heinrich Rudolf Hertz

The unit of frequency, cycle per second, was named the "hertz" in his honor discovered radio waves

Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen

X-rays

Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit

A pioneer of exact thermometer; best known for inventing the mercury thermometer and developing the Fahrenheit temperature scale

Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier

Made chemistry a science; performed combustion experiments

Henry Cavendish

Inflammable air; He is noted for his discovery of hydrogen, which he termed "inflammable air".

John Dalton

Atomic Theory

Joseph John Thomson

Discovers electron

Humphry Davy, 1st Baronet

discover new element; inventor who invented the Davy lamp and a very early form of arc lamp;

Jöns Jacob Berzelius

one of the founders of modern chemistry; He discovered new elements, cerium (58Ce) and selenium (34Se)

Auguste Laurent

a French chemist who helped in the founding of organic chemistry with his discoveries of anthracene, phthalic acid, and carbolic acid

Charles Gerhardt

French chemist who was an important precursor of the German chemist August Kekule and his structural organic chemistry.

Robert Hooke

Discovery of cell; who is credited to be one of the first two scientists to discover microorganisms in 1665 using a compound microscope that he built himself.

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

Discovery of microorganism; Dutch microscopist who was the first to observe bacteria and protozoa; universally acknowledged as the father of microbiology

Carolus Linnaeus

Swedish naturalist and explorer who was the first to frame principles for defining natural genera and species of organisms and to create a uniform system for naming them (binomial nomenclature)

Mary Anning

Ichthyosaur fossil;

Georges Cuvier

Comparative anatomy; founding father of paleontology

Robert Brown

Cell Nucleus; was a Scottish botanist and paleobotanist who made important contributions to botany largely through his pioneering use of the microscope

Crawford Williamson Long

Use of ether; best known for his first use of inhaled sulfuric ether as an anesthetic

Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt

father of experimental psychology; founder of the first psychology laboratory, whence he exerted enormous influence on the development of psychology as a discipline

Charles Robert Darwin

an English naturalist, geologist, and biologist, widely known for his contributions to evolutionary biology; This work convinced him of the insight that he is most famous for— natural selection.

Louis Pasteur

Vaccine Against rabies; one of the most important founders of medical microbiology;

Daniel Hale Williams

First open heart surgery;

Martinus Willem Beijerinck

First known virus; Dutch microbiologist and botanist who founded the discipline of virology with his discovery of viruses;

20th Century to date

Science and technology had structurally and methodologically changed. A number of scientific theories were introduced and had influenced technological works in this century.

18th Century to date (1750-1895 AD)

Industrial Revolution generally covers the complex technological innovations that led to the substitution of machine and inanimate power for human skill and human and animal forces, respectively.

Albert Einstein

Theory of Relativity;

Ernest Rutherford

Discovery of Proton; Gold Foil Experiment

Geiger–Marsden experiments

landmark series of experiments by which scientists learned that every atom has a nucleus where all of its positive charge and most of its mass is concentrated

Wolfgang Pauli

Principle of arrangement of electrons in an atom; Pauli’s Exclusion Principle states that no two electrons in the same atom can have identical values for all four of their quantum numbers.

Werner Heisenberg

Matrix version of quantum mechanics Uncertainty Principle; founder of Quantum Mechanics

Erwin Schrodinger

Wave version of quantum mechanics;

Paul Dirac

Relativistic quantum mechanics of electrons

James Chadwick

Discovery of Neutron; He conducted a series of experiments where he bombarded beryllium atoms with alpha particles and noticed that a new type of radiation was emitted.

Otto Hahn

Discovery of nuclear fission; He discovered nuclear fission during an experiment where the uranium atom split into barium

John Bardeen

Theory to explain superconductivity

BCS Theory

Bardeen, Cooper, and Schrieffer

Murray Gell-Mann

Heavy subatomic particle classification; Quark Concept; Heavy subatomic particles can be classified into two main categories

Hadrons

are particles made up of quarks, held together by the strong nuclear force

Leptons

are elementary particles that do not interact via the strong nuclear force

Quarks

are the building blocks of hadrons

baryons

three quarks

mesons

two quarks

flavors

six types of quarks known as

up, down, charm, strange, top, and bottom

flavors of quarks

up and down quarks

protons and neutrons; first gen

charm and strange quarks

second gen

top and bottom quarks

third gen

Karl Alexander Muller & Johannes George Bednorz

Discovery of High Temperature Conductor;

Kelvin scale

is an absolute thermodynamic temperature scale, where 0 Kelvin (0 K) is defined as the absolute zero of temperature, which is the theoretical temperature at which all molecular motion stops.

Edwin Hubble

Presentation of galaxies as huge aggregation of stars; Hubble Space Telescope

Clyde Tombaugh

Discovery of Pluto

Karl Guthe Jansky

Radio wave discovery from space; known as the father of astronomy; he discovered that the center of our Milky Way Galaxy emits radio wave

George Lemaitre

The father of Big Bang Theory

George Gamow, Ralph Alpher, and Robert Herman

New version of Big Bang Theory

Jocelyn Bell-Burnell

Discovery of pulsars

Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin

First walk on the moon

Alan Guth

Inflationary Universe Theory

Inflationary Universe Theory

It is a cosmological model that explains the large-scale structure of the universe

Fritz Zwicky

Detection of possible dark matters; The first real evidence of dark matter came in 1933, when Caltech’s Fritz Zwicky used the Mount Wilson Observatory to measure the visible mass of a cluster of galaxies and found that it was too small to prevent the galaxies from escaping the gravitational pull of the cluster.

Mikhail Tsvet

Paper Chromatography; is a botanist, and the invention of chromatography happen when he was working in Warsaw, Poland.

Paper Chromatography

in analytical chemistry, a technique for separating dissolved chemical substance by taking advantage of their different rates of migration across the sheets of paper.

Jaroslav Heyrovsky

Polarography; It is also known as Polarographic Analysis. His technique is considered to be an electrochemical method that is responsible for analyzing solutions or reducible or oxidizable substances

Phoebus Levene

Discovery of deoxyribose sugars of DNA; Scientist along Phoebus Levene, found out that DNA was essentially a long-chain molecule, made up of four nucleotides, ribose sugar, and phosphate.

Neil Bartlett

Idea that noble gas can make compounds; Bartlett created the first noble gas

Hugo de Vries

Idea of occurrence mutation;

James Watson & Francis Cricks

DNA Structure; discovery in 1953 of the double helix, the twisted ladder structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Stanley Cohen & Herbert Boyer

Beginning of genetic engineering

Martin Cline

Transferring of functional gene between mice

Allan Wilson & Russell Higuchi

production of the first gene clone from an extinct species; Quagga; They successfully cloned a bits and pieces of the genetic material of the Quagga

Ian Wilmut

Sheep named “Dolly” cloning using somatic nuclear transfer; He was a British developmental biologist who was the first to use nuclear transfer of differentiated adult cells to generate a mammalian clone, a Finn Dorset sheep named Dolly, born in 1996

Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns, & Erich von Tschermak

rediscovery of Law of genetics

Dmitri Ivanovsky & Martinus Beijerinck

discovery of Virus

Rudolf Jaenisch

introduction of DNA into a mouse embryo;