ANTH 176 Midterm

the big four

age, sex, ancestry, stature

mechanism of death

what killed

manner of death

why killed

Formative Period

1800s-1940s

Parkman (1849)

rich dr killed by debtee

Dwight Thomas

father of forensic anth

what ends formative period

guide to the identification of human skeletal materials - krogman 1939

Consolidation Period

1940s-1970s

Professional Period

1970s-1990s

1972

american academy of forensic sciences

1978

american board of forensic anth

Modern Period

1990s-present

supine

face up; palms facing forward; radius and ulna parallel

prone

face down; palms down; bones of forearm crossed

superior

above

inferior

below

anterior

front

posterior

back

medial

toward midline

lateral

away from midline

proximal

towards body/head

distal

away from body/head

dorsal

back side

ventral

belly side

cranial

toward head

caudal

toward tail

superficial

toward surface

deep

internal from surface

sagittal plane

divides left/right

parasagittal plane

divides left/right, not along midline

coronal (frontal) plane

divides anterior/posterior

transverse (cross-section) plane

divides superior/inferior

oblique

not perpendicular to other planes

skeletal system

bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, teeth

axial

bones of head and trunk

appendicular

bones of limbs

postcranial

everything but the head

hematopoiesis

production of red blood cells

cells of bones

osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts

collagen fiber

90% of organic compound in bone

hydroxyapetite

inorganic material in skeleton

compact/cortical bone

outer compact layer

spongy/trabecular

inner layer

subchondral surface

where bones touch

diaphysis

shaft of bone

medullary cavity

contains bone marrow

epiphysis

ends of bones

periosteum

covers outer surface of bone, continuous with collagen

endosteum

covers inner surface of bone

articular cartilage

replaces periosteum where bones meet

short bones

cube-like, mostly spongy

flat bones

thin, flattened, usually curved

anterior nasal aperture

nasal cavity

zygomatic arch

cheekbone

how many bones in the skull

22

neurocranium

8 bones of brain case

splanchnocranium

14 bones of face

sutures

tight fitting joints between cranial bones

sagittal suture

connects the parietal bones

coronal suture

connects parietals and frontal

lambdoidal suture

connects occipital and parietal bones

squamosal suture

connects temporal and parietal bones

metopic suture

temporary suture connecting both halves of frontal bone

supraorbital margin

rim of bone that outlines upper margin of orbits

supraorbital torus

arch of bone above orbits

glabella

smooth area between supraorbital arches

frontal sinus

posterior to supraorbital tori, opens into nasal cavity

bregma

intersection of coronal and sagittal sutures

parietal eminence

lateral bulges on parietals

meningeal grooves

impressions on inside of bone from meningeal artery

external auditory meatus

ear canal

temporal styloid process

inferior, anterior projecting bone

zygomatic process

projects to form back of cheekbone

mandibular fossa

connects with mandibular condyle

squamous portion

superior, flat section of temporal

petrous portion

contains middle ear and ossicles

tympanic cavity

contains ear ossicles

malleus

ear ossicle - most lateral, connects to eardrum

incus

ear ossicle - middle, looks like medieval hood

stapes

ear ossicle - most medial, looks like stirrup

external occipital protruberance

prominent bump on back of skull

nuchal lines

sites for muscle attachment

occipital condyles

articulation between cranium and first cervical vertebra

sutural bones

additional bones within sutures

sphenoid

connects neurocranium and splanchnocranium

sella turcica

depression in middle of sphenoid, contains pituitary

foramen ovale

holes in sphenoid for nerves and meningeal artery

foramen rotundum

sphenoid - connects nerves from mandible to brain

optic canal

houses optic nerves/arteries

ethmoid

allows olfactory nerves to go through

crista galli

process on superior of ethmoid

perpendicular plate

middle plate of ethmoid

middle nasal concha

plate lateral to perpendicular plate

superior nasal concha

topmost of ethmoid plates

frontal process

forms lateral side of orbit, articulates with frontal bone

temporal process

forms front of cheekbone, articulates with temporal

maxillary process

forms inferiolateral part of eyesocket, articulates with maxilla

alveolar process

tooth housing bone

anterior nasal spine

bottom of nasal cavity, small superior projection

frontal process

upward projection, forms medial part of eyesocket