ap gov voting amendments

what are the voting amendments and laws

15th amendment, 19th amendment, 23rd amendment, 24th amendment, 26th amendment

15th amendment

right to vote is not restricted by race

19th amendment

women get the right to vote

23rd amendment

washington d.c. can vote for president

24th amendment

outlawed poll taxes

26th amendment

lowers the voting age to 18

what are the models of voting

party line voting, retrospective voting, prospective voting, rational choice voting

rational choice voting

voting the candidate who’s policies will benefit you the most

retrospective voting

voting based on past (achievements, vice versa)

prospective voting

voting based on promises

party line voting

voting exclusively for the party you identify with

what are the factors that affect voter turnout

richer, white, women, highly educated, religion, accessibility, geography, swing state, efficacy, candidate quality

incumbency advantage phenomenon

better resume, more popular, etc

effects of the electoral college

candidates spend all their money on swing states, not everyones vote is equal, distorts result of election, winner-take-all decreases turnout

realignment/critical election

new party is born, the party’s coalition changes, party’s belief changes

function of political parties

mobilization and education of voters, campaign management, fundraising and media strategy, national party structure, creation of party platforms, candidate recruitment

candidate-centered campaigns

focus on the person running and not just the party

powers of the bureaucracy

implement, enforce, and interpret laws; helps implement laws that impact voting, elections, and government operations

barriers to third-party success

-winner-take-all: only the top candidate wins so they have a harder chance of winning

-single representative districts: only one representative per district, so people don’t even bother voting for them

-incorporation of third-party agendas: agendas get their ideas stolen by the big 2 parties to get rid of competition

what is the bureaucracy

the part of the government that carries out laws and runs government programs (like environmental protection agency enforcing environmental laws/reducing pollution)