Wk 4 - Reproductive and vaccines

What are pansystemic diseases?

Diseases that affect multiple body systems; viral, bacterial, or parasitic; secondary infections are common.

List common pansystemic diseases.

Feline FeLV
FIV
FIP
Feline panleukopenia
Toxoplasmosis
Canine distemper
Rabies
Parvovirus
Ehrlichiosis
Lyme disease
Feline Panleukopenia

What causes feline panleukopenia?

A virus closely related to canine parvovirus.

Which cats are most commonly affected by feline panleukopenia?

Young, unvaccinated, and feral cats.

How is feline panleukopenia transmitted?

Direct contact with all body secretions; virus remains infectious in the environment.

What cells does the panleukopenia virus target?

Mitotic cells of the neonatal brain, bone marrow, and lymphoid tissue, causing destruction of cells.

What is the incubation period for feline panleukopenia?

4–5 days.

What is another name for feline panleukopenia?

List clinical signs of feline panleukopenia.

Fever
Dehydration
Depression
Vomiting
Fetid diarrhea
Anorexia
Fetal death
Cerebellar or retinal defects in neonates

How is feline panleukopenia diagnosed?

CBC showing moderate to severe panleukopenia
Positive fecal test (K9 parvo test)
Serum antibody titers
Viral isolation

What is the treatment and prognosis for feline panleukopenia?

Aggressive supportive therapy early enough leads to good recovery outcome; lifelong immunity develops.

Describe the vaccination protocol for feline panleukopenia.

Vaccinate at 8–10 weeks, again at 12–14 weeks, boost annually.

What causes FIP?

Mutation of feline coronavirus into feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV).

Where is FIP most commonly seen?

Catteries and multi-cat households.

What forms does FIP occur in?

Wet form (75%)
Dry form

Why is testing for FIP challenging?

Coronavirus antibody titers do not distinguish FIP from non-FIP prone strains.

Clinical signs of wet FIP.

Ascites
Pleural effusion
Anorexia
Depression
Weight loss
Dehydration
± Fever

Clinical signs of dry FIP.

Fever
Anorexia
Depression
Weight loss
Ocular lesions
Neurologic signs

How is FIP diagnosed?

Clinical signs
Rule out other diseases
Cytology and chemical analysis of pleural fluid
High antibody titers

Describe treatment recommendations for FIP.

Supportive care; aspirate pleural/abdominal fluid; steroids daily; broad spectrum antibiotics; immunotherapy; ImmunoRegulin; ribavirin and adenine arabinoside.

What prevention measures are recommended for FIP?

Isolate pregnant queens two weeks before due date; remove kittens at five weeks; intranasal vaccine at 16 weeks.

What type of virus is FeLV?

Retrovirus, unstable in the environment.

How is FeLV transmitted?

Close contact via saliva, urine, tears, milk; fighting, grooming, contaminated food bowls and litter pans.

What factors affect FeLV disease severity?

Age
Immunocompetence
Concurrent disease
Viral strain
Dose
Duration of exposure

Types of FeLV infection.

Regressive infection
Progressive infection
Active infection with clinical signs

Most common FeLV-associated neoplastic disease.

Lymphoma.

Clinical signs of FeLV.

Fever
Anorexia
Weight loss
Anemia
Secondary infections
Vomiting and diarrhea
Spontaneous abortion
Renal disease
Neurologic symptoms

How is FeLV diagnosed?

Positive ELISA test; CBC showing nonregenerative anemia.

Client education for FeLV-positive cats.

Healthy FeLV-positive cats do not need to be euthanized; no evidence of infection in humans, but immunocompromised individuals should avoid exposure.
Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)

What virus is FIV similar to?

HIV in humans, but species-specific.

How is FIV transmitted?

Bite wounds; neonates via queen; antibodies passed in colostrum.

Why should kittens not be tested for FIV early?

Maternal antibodies persist until 6 months of age.

Clinical signs of FIV.

Chronic infections
Gingivitis, stomatitis
Anemia
Ocular or neurologic signs
Anorexia
Cachexia
Fever
Diarrhea
Vomiting

Treatment and management of FIV.

No cure; immunomodulators; antivirals; frequent dental prophylaxis; isolate indoors.
Toxoplasmosis

What organism causes toxoplasmosis?

Toxoplasma gondii, an intracellular coccidia.

Definitive and intermediate hosts of toxoplasmosis.

Cats are definitive hosts; humans are intermediate hosts.

Routes of transmission for toxoplasmosis.

Eating contaminated meat
Fecal-oral route
Transplacental route

Who is at risk with toxoplasmosis?

Immunosuppressed humans and pregnant women.

Clinical signs of toxoplasmosis.

Anorexia
Lethargy
Weight loss
Fever
Diarrhea
Vomiting
Icterus
Respiratory disease
CNS signs
Sudden death

Diagnosis and treatment of toxoplasmosis.

ELISA titers; clindamycin; supportive care.
Rabies

What type of disease is rabies?

Viral neurologic disease that is always fatal.

How is rabies transmitted?

Saliva via bite, open wound, mucous membranes; aerosol transmission documented.

Incubation period for rabies.

3–8 weeks or longer.

Three stages of rabies.

Prodromal
Excitative (furious)
Paralytic

Diagnosis of rabies.

Postmortem fluorescent antibody test on brain tissue; no antemortem test available.

What causes canine distemper?

Highly contagious paramyxovirus.

Dogs at greatest risk for distemper.

Dogs 3–6 months of age.

Clinical signs of canine distemper.

Fever
Pneumonia
Cough
Nasal and ocular discharge
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Hyperkeratosis of foot pads
Chewing gum seizures
Ataxia
Blindness

Treatment and prognosis for canine distemper.

Supportive care; guarded prognosis; vaccination prevents disease.

What causes canine parvovirus?

Virus similar to feline panleukopenia; survives years in the environment.

Clinical signs of parvovirus.

Depression
Vomiting
Bloody foul-smelling diarrhea
Fever
Dehydration

Treatment principles for canine parvovirus.

Isolation; aggressive supportive care; IV fluids; antibiotics; antiemetics; nutrition.
Tick-Borne Diseases

What organisms cause rickettsioses?

Gram-negative intracellular bacteria: Rickettsia and Ehrlichia.

Treatment for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever.

Doxycycline or tetracycline.

Key client education for tick-borne disease.

Zoonotic risk; tick control; antibiotics reduce organism load but do not eliminate ticks.

What is pyometra?

Progesterone-mediated uterine infection with gland hyperplasia and secondary bacterial infection.

Classic signs of pyometra.

Vulvar discharge
Vomiting
Lethargy
PU/PD
Dehydration
Azotemia

Definitive treatment for pyometra.

Ovariohysterectomy with antibiotics and fluid therapy.

Most common tumor in female dogs.

Mammary t