Applied Sciences & Nutritional Concepts

Human Movement System (HMS)

The collective components & structures that work together to move the body consisting of the Muscular, skeletal, and nervous system, and form components or subsystems.

What happens when one component is not working properly in the HMS?

Other sub-systems are affected, ultimately altering movement.

Kinetic Chain

A concept that describes the human body as a chain of interdependent links that work together to perform a movement.

What are the functions of neurons?

Transmits and coordinates signals, providing a communication network within the human body, providing sensory information, stimulating human movement through muscle contraction, keeping the heart and organs functioning, and processes and transmits information through electrochemical signals.

Nucleus

Contains the majority of the cells genetic information in the form of chromosomes.

Organelles

Cellular structures within the cell the perform specific functions (ex. nuclei, mitochondria).

Mitochondria

Uses nutrients to create energy for the cell.

Electrolytes

Minerals that have an electrical charge to help transmit nerve impulses. Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium & Water.

Cell Body

Contains nucleus and organelles

Axon

Carries nerve messages

Dendrites

Receives messages from other neurons.

Effector Site

A part of the body (like a muscle or organ) that receives a signal from a neuron to produce a physiological response.

Central Nervous System (CNS)

includes the brain & spinal cord

What is the function of the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

Coordinate activity of the body’s parts (integrates information and sends a response).

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Nerves that connect the rest of the body to the brain & spinal cord.

What is the function of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?

Relays sensory information to the CNS, consisting of 12 cranial nerves & 31 pairs of spinal nerves that branch out from the brain and spinal cord.

Afferent Pathway

A route up

Efferent Pathway

A route down

How does the Peripheral Nervous System use afferent and efferent pathways?

Afferent pathways provide information to the CNS and relay information, through efferent pathways, back to the body.

Interneurons

Neurons located in the CNS that transmit impulses between afferent & efferent neurons (a handshake).

Nociceptors 

Responds to pain

Chemoreceptors

Responds to chemical interactions (smell & taste).

Mechanoreceptors

Specialized structures that respond to mechanical forces (touch and pressure) within tissues and then transmit Nociceptors: Respond to pain signals through sensory nerves.

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)(PNS)

Largely responsible for voluntary control of muscle movement

Reflex

Responses that happen without conscious awareness.

Reflex Arc

Sensory receptor ⟶ impulse travels up the Afferent branch ⟶ Interneuron integrates the information into a response ⟶ response command travels down the Efferent branch ⟶ effector organ carries out action.

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)(PNS)

Supplies neural input to organs that run the involuntary processes of the body (ie. circulating blood, digesting food, producing hormones); happens without conscious thought.

Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)

Increase neural activity to put the body in a heightened state “fight or flight” in anticipation of increase activity.

Parasympathetic Nervous System (PSNS)

Decrease neural activity to put the body in a relaxed state “rest and digest”.

Sensory Function

The ability of the nervous system to sense changes in the external and internal environments; both travel through the PNS to the CNS.

Proprioception

the body ’s ability to naturally sense its general orientation and relative position of its parts.

Integrative Function

The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret the sensory information to allow for proper decisionmaking ⟶ produces an appropriate response recall Interneuron activity from the last section).

Motor Function

The neuromuscular response to the integrates sensory information (via the Efferent pathway ⟶ the action of the effector organ).

Muscle Spindle

Sensory receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change.

Golgi tendon organs

Are specialized sensory receptors located at the point where skeletal muscle fibers insert into the tendons of skeletal muscle.

Joint receptors

Located in and around the joint capsule, responds to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint. Additionally, it acts to signal extreme joint positions and helps to prevent injury.

Neuroplasticity

The concept that states the brain will grow continuously, reforming neural pathways throughout an individual’s life.

Neurocircuitry

The interconnection of neurons in the brain and spinal cord.

Motor Skills

Specific movements through the coordinated effort of the sensory and motor subsystems.

What is stage 1 of acquiring motor skills?

Cognitive; The client is just learning a skill. They understand the goals of the skill and develop movement strategies and can perform the skill but with inconsistent performance.

What is stage 2 of acquiring motor skills?

Associative; The client begins to understand the skill. Through practice, they refine the skill and movement strategy and can perform the skill with less error.

What is stage 3 of acquiring motor skills?

Autonomous; The client has mastered the skill. They perform the skill consistently with no error and independently modify the skill without error.

What is the function of the skeletal system?

Provides shape, protects internal organs, provides structure for movement, produces blood for the body, and stores minerals.

Osteoporosis

A condition of reduced bone mineral density with increased risk of bone fracture.

How are muscles connected to bones?

Tendons

How are bones connected to other bones?

Ligaments

Axial Skeleton

a division of the skeletal system consisting of the skull, the rib cage, and the vertebral column.

Appendicular Skeleton

a division of the skeletal system consisting of the arms, legs and pelvic girdle

Levers

a bone is a lever, or rigid rod where muscles attach.

Posture

translated from the bones secondary job; providing support.

Osteoclasts

break down and remove old bone tissue.

Osteoblasts

form and lay down new bone tissue

Wolff’s Law

bone remodeling (new bone growth) occurs along the lines of stress placed on the bone

Osteokinematic

Visible movement of a limb

Arthrokinematic

The description of joint surface movement. Ex: roll, slide, and spin

Rolling joint movement

one joint rolls across the surface of another

Sliding movement

one joint’s surface slides across another

Spinning movement

one joint surface rotates on another much

Synovial joints

the most common joints associated with human movement

Synovial capsule

a collagenous structure surrounding the entire synovial joint

Synovial membrane

the inner layer of the capsule

Cartilage

Pads the ends of the articulating bones

Synovial fluid

secreted within the joint capsule from the synovial membrane and is essential for lubricating the joint surfaces to reduce excessive wear and to provide nutrition to the joint structures within the synovial capsule.