art history final

sfumato

 technique of layering and blurring the background to create an atmospheric perspective

In florence until 1481, 1503-1517

(mona lisa, annuciation)

Numbers in last supper

• 3 winsows = trinity, three theological virtues: faith, hope, and charity

• 4 banners = four elements, number of the gospels, cardinal virtues, seasons etc.

• 3 + 4 = 7 = gifts of the holy spirit, joys and sorrows of the virgin

• 3 x 4 = 12 = apostles, gates of new jerusalem, months of the year, hours of the day and night

• Leonardo creates mathematical order out of dramatic confusion and he emphasizes the impact of the revelation of betrayal on the inner of the apostles by representing their reactions within an underlying numerical system

Michelangelo’s style

pop arty and vibrant, twisted postures, muscular, long necks

M’s david vs d’s david

• bronze vs marble, feminine vs manly, size, helmet and shoes (mercury), head of goliath, size of hands, head, and feet, emotions on the face, purpose and location of the pieces (outside palazzo vecchio - on top of duomo and medici courtyard), m’s commissioned by board of cathedral, marble was lesser quality and very delicate and lots of air pockets

Mannerism art and its main features

Exaggerated body proportions

Contrasting colors

No linear perspective

No symmetry

Lots of decorative elements in architecture

Extreme twisting and spiraling like michelangelo

Very grand

Elegant

Complex

Enigmatic

Sophistication

Gracefulness

Demonstration of skill

Artists: pontorno and bronzino

Pieces: deposition, madonna w the long neck, rape of a sabine woman

Botticelli art for the Medici

paintings with mythological topics

• Great innovation using mythological figures

• Verrocchio workshop

• His adoration of the Magi included members of the Medici family like Cosimo the Elder and Lorenzo the Magnificient. 

Piero della Francesca style

Duke of Urbino

Way to represent portrait on profile

• Old roman coins

• Landscape w atmospheric effect

• Shoulder up

Virgin Mary and Baby Jesus

the composition made by Filippo Lippi

compared to Giotto, Fra’ Angelico, Raphael.

Gothic

Settings

Queen of heaven vs florentine woman

The history of Florence and Italy during the Cinquecento

• Onset of the italian wars in early 1500s

  • Politicaly unstable

• Florence was threatened by outside political forces but maintained their independence and republican traditions

• Guiliano della rovere named pope julius ii (war-like, agressive papacy)

  • Patron of the art in vatican (sistine chapel, pope’s chambers?, etc) and its expansion

• Martin Luther and the Reformation

• Sack of rome 1527

• As the italian city-states started to lose political autonomy, artists became more autonomous

  • Less focus on imitating the ancients but more on imitating nature

  • Moving towards science?

• Social status of artists beginning to rise so slightly less dependence on patrons/more control over their subject matter and composition

• Hapsburg empire and HRE fighting for Italy

  • Pressures from spain, france, turkey who were gaining lots of money and land from the new world (turkey competed w venice for trade in the mediterranean)

• Florentine republic fell in 1512 and medici’s returned to power

• In 1500s artists went to rome for patrons (1400s went to rome for study)

Artist Name or Stylistic Period (if artist unknown)

Title of Artwork

Date +/- 25 years

01Medium/Technique

Location (original OR current)

Holy trinity, Masaccio

1425

Santa maria novella

fresco

4 meaningful points

• Brunelleschi architecture with the arches (barrel vault, corinthian capitals)

• jesus body very realistic,

• skeleton of adam at the bottom w inscription in italian writing about death and finite life,

• patrons mary and st john evangelist john (dove) and jesus,

Artist Name or Stylistic Period (if artist unknown)

Title of Artwork

Date +/- 25 years

01Medium/Technique

Location (original OR current)

Annunciation, botticelli 

• Uffizi

• 1490

• Tempera on wood

4 meaningful points

• Last painting before mental issues and dark style

• mary gently twisting away from angel (bothering her reading),

• unrealistic tree=god

• clear veil (lippi influence),

• inside a florentine house (floor, greystone window)

Artist Name or Stylistic Period (if artist unknown)

Title of Artwork

Date +/- 25 years

01Medium/Technique

Location (original OR current)

annunciation, da vinici

• Uffizi

• 1475

• tempera on wood

4 meaningful points

• sfumato in back

• Set outside of a florentine home

• mary’s desk Has scalloped shells and is a reference to Verrocchio's Tomb of Giovanni & Piero de’Medici,

• painted for a corner perspective, Mary’s arm is slightly longer

• mountain in back = god

• Gabriel wings of a falcon

Artist Name or Stylistic Period (if artist unknown)

Title of Artwork

Date +/- 25 years

01Medium/Technique

Location (original OR current)

The Birth of venus, botticelli

• Uffizi

• 1482-86

• Tempera on canvas

4 meaningful points

• Scalloped shell = fertility and spiritual rebirth, divine love, “new virgin mary”, link between mythology and christianity

• arrives/birthed on cyprus island

• reproduction of trasimino lake (between tuscany and umbria),

• alabaster powder in preparatory layer to brighten the effect

Artist Name or Stylistic Period (if artist unknown)

Title of Artwork

Date +/- 25 years

01Medium/Technique

Location (original OR current)

 lady with an ermine, da vinci

• 1485

• poland

• Oil on wood

4 meaningful points

• Ermine traditional symbol of purity

• ¾ turn,

• looking in distance facing a different direction from shoulders looking at someone outside frame

• black background = finite time,

Artist Name or Stylistic Period (if artist unknown)

Title of Artwork

Date +/- 25 years

01Medium/Technique

Location (original OR current)

pieta, michelangelo

• 1498-99

• St peters basilica

• Carrara marble

4 meaningful points

• pieta=after jesus is removed from cross and is on mary’s lap,

• michelangelo had dead mom, obsessed w topic

• usually a german topic, french patron, first italian

• signed by michelangelo

• jesus looks very limp, very accurate anatomy, mary looks young, only holding him with one arm

• someone tried to destroy it w a hammer, 

Artist Name or Stylistic Period (if artist unknown)

Title of Artwork

Date +/- 25 years

01Medium/Technique

Location (original OR current)

 tondo doni/holy family, michelangelo

• 1506

• Uffizi

• Tempera grassa

4 meaningful points

• Made for house because it was circular (never circle in church),

• playful loving family, humanize

• jesus climbing over shoulder, mary twisting/spiral, movement,

• muscular bodies, typical of michelangelo

• family in pyramid shape (trinity)

Artist Name or Stylistic Period (if artist unknown)

Title of Artwork

Date +/- 25 years

01Medium/Technique

Location (original OR current)

 schools of athens, raphael

• Vatican museum

• Fresco

• 1508-11

4 meaningful points

• thinkers of physical world- aristotle (right, pointing forward) and thinkers of ideas- plato (left, pointing up)

• plato has face of da vinci

• self portrait, rafael includes self on side of aristotle

•  statues of apollo and athena

Artist Name or Stylistic Period (if artist unknown)

Title of Artwork

Date +/- 25 years

01Medium/Technique

Location (original OR current)

 madonna of the goldfinch, raphael

• 1507 (raphael in florence)

• Oil and wood

• Uffizi

4 meaningful points

• goldfinch has the red face (sacrifice of christ)

• , landscape w a river and small town

• close family, representing jesus and st. john the baptist

• damaged by a landslide in 1547 shattering the painting into 17 pieces

Artist Name or Stylistic Period (if artist unknown)

Title of Artwork

Date +/- 25 years

01Medium/Technique

Location (original OR current)

 tribuna, buontalenti

• 1584

• Uffizi

• Red velvet walls, oyster shells, colored marble

4 meaningful points

• Used for lorenzo medici personal collection

• octagon shape connection to the tower of winds in athens,

• connection to four natural elements,

• housed most precious pieces

Artist Name or Stylistic Period (if artist unknown)

Title of Artwork

Date +/- 25 years

01Medium/Technique

Location (original OR current)

portrait of duchess of toledo and son, bronzino

• Oil and wood

• Uffizi

• 1545

4 meaningful points

• Portrait of elenora wife of cosimo 1

• velvet and silk dress and pomegranate motif = purity

• display of wealth and status

• her real jewels

Artist Name or Stylistic Period (if artist unknown)

Title of Artwork

Date +/- 25 years

01Medium/Technique

Location (original OR current)

 madonna with the long neck, parmigianino

• 1534

• Uffizi

• Oil on panel

4 meaningful points

• Unfinished (one foot, background), artist died by lead poisining bc he was an alchemist

• very elongated features, big jesus,

• jesus laying like pieta predicting future

• vase with a crucifix predicting future of jesus,

• dress shows marys body

Artist Name or Stylistic Period (if artist unknown)

Title of Artwork

Date +/- 25 years

01Medium/Technique

Location (original OR current)

The Deposition from the Cross, pontormo

• 1528

• Tempera panel

• Santa felicita

4 meaningful points

• unnatural positions

• showing hand of christ to mary

• bright colors

• no linear perspective

• mannerism

Artist Name or Stylistic Period (if artist unknown)

Title of Artwork

Date +/- 25 years

01Medium/Technique

Location (original OR current)

Perseus w the medusa, Cellini

• 1545

• Bronze

• Loggia della signoria

4 meaningful points

• mannerism

• commissioned by cosimo 1, medusa symbol of weapon beheaded by persius and head remains still a weapon and hes looking down, duke saying this is what happens when you fuck with me,

• stepping over medusa’s body,

• Cellini stole plates and vases from his sister because he was running out of material

Artist Name or Stylistic Period (if artist unknown)

Title of Artwork

Date +/- 25 years

01Medium/Technique

Location (original OR current)

 rape of a sabine woman, giambologna

• 1580

• Carrara marble

• Loggia

4 meaningful points

• movement shows struggle of the woman,

• made without having a story just because he wanted to produce moving bodies with, infinite points of view, meaning was given by the court,

• built from bottom up,

• appearance of real flesh where his fingers meet her butt, 

Innovation in the portraits made by leonardo da vinci

lady w ermine ¾ twist

Waist and hands visible

Looking away from audience

Slight twist

Black background