Equine Anatomy & Physiology Exam #2

What are muscles?

Organs that produce movement and perform vital body functions

What is the largest tissue in a horse’s body?

Muscle

What are the three types of muscle?

Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac

What type of muscle is skeletal muscle?

Striated and voluntary

What do skeletal muscle cells look like?

Long, cylindrical, multinucleated with stripes

What is the function of skeletal muscle?

Attach bones and create movement

What type of muscle is smooth muscle?

Non-striated and involuntary

What is another name for smooth muscle?

Visceral muscle

What do smooth muscle cells look like?

Spindle-shaped with no stripes

Where is smooth muscle found?

Walls of hollow organs (digestive, urinary, etc.)

What is the function of smooth muscle?

Slow contractions for internal organ function

What type of muscle is cardiac muscle?

Striated and involuntary

What is another name for cardiac muscle?

Myocardium

What is the function of cardiac muscle?

Contraction of the heart

What are the main structures of the muscular system?

Muscle fibers, tendons, aponeurosis, fascia

What are muscle fibers?

Long, slender cells that make up muscles

What is the combining form for muscle?

myo

What is myopathy?

Disease of muscle

What are tendons?

Connective tissue attaching muscle to bone

What is tendinitis?

Inflammation of a tendon

What is an aponeurosis?

Fibrous sheet attaching muscle to bone or fascia

What is fascia?

Connective tissue that covers and separates muscles

What is fasciitis?

Inflammation of fascia

What is kinesiology?

Study of movement

What is contraction?

Tightening of muscle

What is relaxation?

Decrease in tension

What are antagonistic muscles?

Muscles that work opposite each other

What are synergists?

Muscles that assist each other

What is the neuromuscular junction?

Where nerve meets muscle

What is muscle origin?

Fixed attachment closest to midline

What is muscle insertion?

Movable attachment farthest from midline

What does an abductor do?

Moves limb away from midline

What does an adductor do?

Moves limb toward midline

What does a flexor do?

Bends a joint

What does an extensor do?

Straightens a joint

What does a levator do?

Raises a body part

What does a depressor do?

Lowers a body part

What does a rotator do?

Rotates a body part

What does a supinator do?

Turns surface upward

What does a pronator do?

Turns surface downward

What does “rectus” mean?

Straight

What does “oblique” mean?

Slanted

What does “transverse” mean?

Crosswise

What is a sphincter?

Ring-like muscle that constricts openings

What does biceps mean?

2 divisions

What does triceps mean?

3 divisions

What does quadriceps mean?

4 divisions

What does maximus mean?

Large

What does minimus mean?

Small

What does major mean?

Larger

What does minor mean?

Smaller

What is atonic?

Lack of muscle control

What is myotonia?

Delayed muscle relaxation

What is myositis?

Muscle inflammation

What is myasthenia?

Muscle weakness

What is a hernia?

Protrusion of tissue through wall

What is dystrophy?

Defective growth

What is tetany?

Muscle spasms

What is muscle atrophy?

Muscle wasting

What is the panniculus muscle?

Muscle under skin that twitches to remove flies

What is the longissimus dorsi?

Largest back muscle

What do intercostal muscles do?

Help with breathing

What do abdominal obliques do?

Support organs

What does the biceps brachii do?

Flexes elbow, extends shoulder

What does the triceps brachii do?

Extends elbow

What are tendons?

Connect muscle to bone

What are ligaments?

Connect bone to bone

What is collagen?

Protein giving strength to tendons/ligaments

What do flexor tendons do?

Bend limb backward

What do extensor tendons do?

Move limb forward

What is the stay apparatus?

Allows horse to stand while resting

What is ATP?

Main energy molecule

What is aerobic metabolism?

Energy with oxygen

What is anaerobic metabolism?

Energy without oxygen

What is the respiratory system?

System for gas exchange

What are nares?

Nostrils

What is the nasal cavity function?

Filter, warm, humidify air

What is the trachea?

Windpipe

What is the larynx?

Voice box

Where does gas exchange occur?

Alveoli

What do intercostal muscles do in breathing?

Expand ribcage

What does diaphragm do?

Controls breathing

What is normal respiration rate in horses?

8–16 breaths per minute

What is COPD in horses?

Airway obstruction (“heaves”)

What is EIPH?

Bleeding in lungs during exercise

What does the cardiovascular system do?

Moves blood, oxygen, nutrients

What is stroke volume?

Blood pumped per beat

What is cardiac output?

Heart rate × stroke volume

What are erythrocytes?

Red blood cells

What do erythrocytes do?

Carry oxygen

What are leukocytes?

White blood cells

What do leukocytes do?

Fight infection

What do platelets do?

Blood clotting

What is plasma?

Liquid part of blood

What do arteries do?

Carry blood away from heart

What do veins do?

Carry blood to heart

What do capillaries do?

Exchange nutrients and gases

What are factors of athletic performance?

• Genetics

• Conditioning/training

• Biomechanics

• Hemoglobin concentration

• Temperature

• Humidity

• Gas exchange

• Heart size

• Skeletal muscle properties

• Anaerobic capacity

• “Will to win”

What is the pathway of air?

• Nares

• Nasal cavity (includes turbinate bones)

• Pharynx

• Larynx

• Bronchi

• Bronchioles

• Alveolar sacs or ducts

• Alveoli

What organs and tissues make up the circulatory system?

• Heart

• Blood

• Blood Vessels

• Lymph

• Lymphatic vessels

• Lymph glands