Period 8 and 9 AP Classroom Study (copy)

"The Republican electoral triumph in 2004 was the culmination of a half-century of struggle by the Right to achieve political power in the United States. In the immediate aftermath of the Second World War, a small band of intellectuals launched a movement to stop what they saw as the advance of the collectivist state embodied in modern liberalism and the New Deal political order. They were joined by anti-Communist activists across grassroots America. . . . In their struggle against the dominant liberal state, conservatives gained control of the Republican party by defeating its liberal eastern wing."

Donald T. Critchlow, historian, The Conservative Ascendancy: How the GOP Right Made Political History, 2007

Which of the following best supports Critchlow's assertion about the Republican Party?

The 1980 election of Ronald Reagan as president

Throughout the presidential election campaign of 1980, Ronald Reagan's view of the best economic policy to pursue was based on his belief that

excessive taxation left citizens with less money to save and invest

From 1984 to 1986, Reagan administration officials secretly sold arms to Iran to illegally finance

a rebellion against the Sandinista government in Nicaragua

"Now, we can see a new world coming into view....In the words of Winston Churchill, a world order in which 'the principles of justice and fair play protect the weak against the strong....' A world where the United Nations...is poised to fulfill the historic vision of its founders. A world in which freedom and respect for human rights find a home among all nations. The Gulf War put this new world to its first test. And my fellow Americans, we passed that test."

President George H. W. Bush, address to Congress, March 6, 1991

Which of the following events most directly led to President Bush believing that a new "world order" was emerging?

The end of the Cold War with the Soviet Union

Now, we can see a new world coming into view....In the words of Winston Churchill, a world order in which 'the principles of justice and fair play protect the weak against the strong....' A world where the United Nations...is poised to fulfill the historic vision of its founders. A world in which freedom and respect for human rights find a home among all nations. The Gulf War put this new world to its first test. And my fellow Americans, we passed that test."

President George H. W. Bush, address to Congress, March 6, 1991

The principles on human rights articulated by President Bush are most similar to

the ideas expressed by President Woodrow Wilson during and after the First World War

"In the 1980s, conservatives succeeded in remaking large parts of American life. They reshaped American politics, working an alchemy that transmuted [changed] conservative dogma—on the wisdom of low income taxes, the special virtue of entrepreneurs, the parasitic character of government, the need for overwhelming . . . military strength, the dependence of social health on proper values, and the nuclear family as the building block of society—into common sense. Reagan and his followers scored many victories . . . in the U.S. political system during the 1980s. Along the way, they shifted the American political debate onto Reagan's chosen terrain. . . .

". . . Conservatives framed public debates in the 1980s, making the era's politics theirs, as liberals had done in the 1930s and 1960s. The influential and powerful members of the country's major institutions were profoundly affected by Reaganism. . . . Political sages arrived at a new consensus that America was 'naturally' a conservative country."

Doug Rossinow, historian, The Reagan Era: A History of the 1980s, published in 2015

"Like other conservative triumphs, . . . Reagan's election proved that politics and ideology matter in determining who gets what and why. But so does the economy. . . . Intense social, cultural, and racial conflicts moved American presidential politics to the populist right after the late sixties, caused by a crisis that liberalism could not resolve or transcend. It was, however, the presence of persistent inflation and the changes wrought at home by the process of globalization that exacerbated those conflicts and elected Ronald Reagan in 1980. Social issues helped Reagan win a landslide victory in 1984, but it was a downturn in the inflation rate and an upturn in the economy that clinched his reelection. . . .

". . . When Reagan ran for the White House in 1980, he promised the American people jobs and prosperity via supply-side economics. . . . But eventually the bill for Reaganomics came due, amounting to trillions of dollars in new governmental, corporate, and consumer debt, along with a massive increase in the federal deficit. Reagan's huge spending programs and tax cuts locked the Democrats into playing the politics of [fiscal] austerity. Afraid of the voter's wrath, they could ill afford to be seen as 'tax and spend' Democrats."

William C. Berman, historian, America's Right Turn: From Nixon to Clinton, published in 1994

The ideas in the excerpts best reflect which of the following about United States foreign policy during Reagan's administrations?

Conservatives were willing to increase government spending in order to support Cold War military interventions.

Upon becoming president, Gerald Ford announced, "Our long national nightmare is over." He was referring to

Watergate

Which of the following best explains a change in United States foreign policy in the years immediately after the end of the Cold War?

The United States engaged in new sorts of military and peacekeeping interventions in several countries.

"The Commission believes that legal immigration has strengthened and can continue to strengthen this country. While we will be reporting at a later date on the impacts of our legal immigration system, and while there may even be disagreements among us as to the total number of immigrants that can be absorbed into the United States . . . the Commission members agree that immigration presents many opportunities for this nation. Immigrants can contribute to the building of the country. . . . The tradition of welcoming newcomers has become an important element of how we define ourselves as a nation.

"The Commission is mindful of the problems that also emanate from immigration. In particular, we believe that unlawful immigration is unacceptable. Enforcement efforts have not been effective in deterring unlawful immigration. . . .

"During the decade from 1980 to 1990 three major pieces of legislation were adopted to govern immigration policy. . . . The Commission supports the broad framework for immigration policy that these laws represent: a legal immigration system that strives to serve the national interest in helping families to reunify and employers to obtain skills not available in the U.S. labor force; a refugee system that reflects both our humanitarian beliefs and international refugee law; and an enforcement system that seeks to deter unlawful immigration through employer sanctions and tighter border control."

United States Commission on Immigration Reform, "U.S. Immigration Policy: Restoring Credibility," report delivered to Congress, 1994

The ideas expressed in the excerpt overlook which of the following contexts that defined immigration to the United States during the period from 1980 to 2000 ?

Immigrants were arriving from different countries than in previous periods.

The most significant cause of the 1973-1974 embargo by the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) was

United States support of Israel in the Yom Kippur War

Which of the following groups in the American work force has experienced the greatest percentage of growth since 1950?

Service workers

Which of the following best explains the Reagan administration's approach to communism?

Using a buildup of nuclear and conventional weapons to create pressure on the Soviet Union

"It's been quite a journey this decade, and we held together through some stormy seas. And at the end, together, we're reaching our destination. The fact is, from Grenada to the Washington and Moscow summits, from the recession of '81 to '82, to the expansion that began in late '82 and continues to this day, we've made a difference. The way I see it, there were two great triumphs, two things that I'm proudest of. One is the economic recovery, in which the people of America created—and filled—nineteen million new jobs. The other is the recovery of our morale. America is respected again in the world and looked to for leadership."

President Ronald Reagan, Farewell Address to the Nation, January 1989

Reagan's reference to "reaching our destination" most directly reflects which of the following political changes?

The rise of a new conservatism that challenged liberal views about the role of government

The Reagan Revolution of the early 1980s entailed

tax cuts for the wealthiest Americans and increases in defense spending

Which of the following best explains a regional pattern of union membership in the early twenty-first century as depicted in the maps?

Heavy industries in upper Midwest states experienced decline.

Which of the following factors contributed most to the major trend depicted in the graph?

The declining number of manufacturing jobs in the United States

The presidency of Jimmy Carter (1977-1981) was plagued by which of the following foreign policy issues?

The taking of American hostages in Iran

"Although there has long been terrorism in varied contexts, contemporary terrorism poses a new and ominous problem. . . . We have long considered how to protect citizens against invading armies, and this might be the arena that is most nearly analogous to protection against terrorists. But foreign terrorists are not so transparent as invading armies, and the issue of protecting ourselves against them necessarily involves judgments on how to distinguish them from peaceful citizens and alien residents. . . . For terrorists, who must in the nature of their purpose be secretive, . . . we may be able to discover them before they act only if we resort to invasive and substantial surveillance, infiltration, screening, and so forth, all of which might be misused against innocents far more often than they are well used against potential terrorists."

Russell Hardin, political scientist, "Civil Liberties in the Era of Mass Terrorism," Journal of Ethics, 2004

Which of the following explanations for United States foreign policy debates after September 11, 2001, could the situation described in the excerpt best be used to support?

The national security efforts to prevent terrorism were controversial.

"Although there has long been terrorism in varied contexts, contemporary terrorism poses a new and ominous problem. . . . We have long considered how to protect citizens against invading armies, and this might be the arena that is most nearly analogous to protection against terrorists. But foreign terrorists are not so transparent as invading armies, and the issue of protecting ourselves against them necessarily involves judgments on how to distinguish them from peaceful citizens and alien residents. . . . For terrorists, who must in the nature of their purpose be secretive, . . . we may be able to discover them before they act only if we resort to invasive and substantial surveillance, infiltration, screening, and so forth, all of which might be misused against innocents far more often than they are well used against potential terrorists."

Russell Hardin, political scientist, "Civil Liberties in the Era of Mass Terrorism," Journal of Ethics, 2004

The purpose of the excerpt could best be used to support which of the following explanations for why policies used to combat terrorism were controversial?

Some Americans worried that the freedoms of United States citizens might be violated by the efforts to stop terrorism.

Which of the following best explains a reason for the end of the Cold War in the late 1980s and early 1990s?

Economic problems in the Soviet Union undermined its ability to control its territories and engage in international conflicts.