Oxygen Transport and Cellular Respiration

These flashcards cover essential concepts related to oxygen transport and cellular respiration, aiding in exam preparation.

What is the primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration?

Oxygen is essential for aerobic cellular respiration, producing ATP.

What happens during anaerobic respiration due to insufficient oxygen?

It leads to lactic acid production and cell death.

How is oxygen primarily transported in the blood?

Oxygen is transported as dissolved oxygen in plasma and bound to hemoglobin.

What is the average amount of oxygen each gram of hemoglobin carries?

Approximately 1.34 mL of oxygen.

What are normal hemoglobin values for men?

14-16 g/dL.

What are normal hemoglobin values for women?

12-15 g/dL.

What are normal hemoglobin values for infants?

14-20 g/dL.

What do SaO2 and SvO2 indicate?

SaO2 indicates arterial oxygen saturation, while SvO2 indicates venous oxygen saturation.

What does the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve illustrate?

The relationship between PO2 and hemoglobin saturation.

What does the steep portion of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve indicate?

Rapid oxygen binding and dissociation occurs.

What does the flat portion of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve indicate?

Little additional oxygen binds at higher PO2 levels.

What is considered hypoxemic respiratory failure in terms of PaO2?

A PaO2 < 60 mmHg on FiO2 ≥ 0.50.

What is pulse oximetry used for?

To measure arterial oxygen hemoglobin saturation non-invasively.

What PaO2 range corresponds to a SpO2 measurement of 40-60%?

The 40, 50, 60-70, 80, 90-PaO2/SaO2 Rule provides guidelines for estimates.

What does the alveolar-arterial oxygen tension difference (PaAO2) indicate?

The oxygen tension difference between alveoli and arterial blood.

What is considered a normal PaAO2 on room air?

7-15 mmHg.

What indicates hypoxemic respiratory failure in the PaO2/PAO2 ratio?

A ratio of < 0.75.

What does a PaO2/FiO2 ratio of < 200 suggest?

Poor lung function and hypoxemic respiratory failure.

What does a SpO2/FiO2 ratio below 200 signify?

Poor lung function and hypoxemic respiratory failure.

What does total oxygen delivery (DO2) measure?

The amount of oxygen delivered to peripheral tissues.

What does the arterial-venous oxygen content difference (C(a-v)O2) represent?

The difference between arterial and venous oxygen content.

What is oxygen consumption (VO2)?

The amount of oxygen consumed by peripheral tissues per minute.

How is the oxygen extraction ratio (O2ER) calculated?

O2ER is the amount of oxygen consumed divided by total oxygen delivered.

What indicates net tissue oxygenation?

Mixed venous oxygen saturation (SvO2).

What does the pulmonary shunt fraction (Qs/Qt) measure?

The degree of intrapulmonary shunting.

What is classified as mild hypoxemia?

PaO2 of 60-80 mmHg.

What is classified as moderate hypoxemia?

PaO2 of 40-60 mmHg.

What is classified as severe hypoxemia?

PaO2 < 40 mmHg.

What are common symptoms of hypoxia?

Tachycardia, hypertension, vasoconstriction, dizziness, mental confusion.

What can chronic hypoxia lead to in terms of physiological conditions?

Cor pulmonale, polycythemia, and hypoxic vasoconstriction.

What is cor pulmonale?

Pulmonary arterial hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy/failure.

What causes polycythemia in chronic hypoxia?

Increased red blood cell production due to erythropoietin.

What effect does hypoxic vasoconstriction have on pulmonary arterioles?

They constrict in response to decreased alveolar PO2.

What are nanostraw probes used for?

Imaging intracellular oxygen tension at the mitochondrial level.

What is cerebral oximetry (NIRS)?

Continuous non-invasive monitoring of cerebral oxygenation.

What should be evaluated during arterial blood gas analysis?

pH, PCO2, HCO3, PO2, and SpO2 status.

What essential information is needed to calculate pulmonary shunt fraction (Qs/Qt)?

Barometric pressure, hemoglobin oxygen saturation, hemoglobin concentration, alveolar oxygen partial pressure, FiO2.

What is the role of oxygen in aerobic respiration?

To produce ATP by enabling metabolic processes.

What effect does insufficient oxygen have on muscle cells?

It leads to anaerobic metabolism and lactic acid production.

What is alkali used for in blood gas analysis?

To help buffer the changes in pH during measurements.

What is the typical response of the body to hypoxia?

Increased heart rate and respiratory rate to improve oxygen delivery.

What monitors changes in cerebral oxygen levels non-invasively?

Cerebral oximetry using NIRS.