Exam 3 Review Psych 2000

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72 Terms

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Cognition

thinking

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cognitive psychology

field of psychology dedicated to examining how people think

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prototypes

a strong example or representation of a concept

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natural concepts

 formed through direct and indirect experiences, most concepts we create are defined by a general set of features, not all of which must be present

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artifical concepts

formed by learning specific rules that define it, many acquired in school 

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role schema

a mental collection of information about how individuals in certain roles behave

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event schema

cognitive script- mental collection about a set of behaviors (*routines)

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anchoring bias

tendency to focus on one particular piece of information when making decisions or problem-solving

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confirmation bias

focuses on information that confirms existing beliefs

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hindsight bias

the belief that hte even just experienced was predictable

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representative bias

unintentional stereotyping of someone or something

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availability bias

a decision is based upon either an available precedent or an example that may be faulty

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divergent thinking

thinking out of the box

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catell’s theory of intelligence

crystalized and fluid intelligence

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crystalized intelligence

fact-based, prior learning and experience, ability to use acquired knowledge to solve problems

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fluid intelligence

the ability to reason, capability to learn new things, abstract thinking, and problem-solving

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sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence

analytical, creative, and practical intelligence

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analytical intelligence

academic problem-solving and computation

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creative intelligence

imaginative and innovative problem solving

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practical intelligence

street smarts and common sense

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gardner’s multiple intelligences theory

Intelligence is 8 things and has a robust prediction on what careers we will go into

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developmental psychology

study of the patterns of growth and change occurring throughout life

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continuous development

development occurs gradually

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discontinuous development

development occurs in unique stages (specific ages)

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Psychosexual Theory

Freud- childhood experiences shape our development, childrens pleasure-seeking urges are the bias of each stage- discontinuous development

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psychosocial theory

Erikson- *8 stages: argues that personality development takes place across the life-span and not just childhood

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Cognitive Theory

Piaget: Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational

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Sensorimotor 0-2

world experiences through senses and actions, object permanence, stranger anxiety

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Preoperational 2-6

use words and images to represent things, but lack logical reasoning; pretend play; egocentrism; language development

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concrete operational 7-11

Understand concrete events and analogies logically; perform arithmetical operations, conservation

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Formal Operational 12+

formal operations; utilize abstract reasoning; moral reasoning

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Sociocultural Theory

Vygotsky- their surrounding culture largely influences a person’s cognitive development

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Moral Theory

Kohlberg: they we react and respond is based on our moral compass; universal ethics

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Moral Compass

Level 1- pre-conventional morality; Level 2- conventional morality; Level 3- post-conventional morality

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Universal Ethics

behavior driven by internal moral principles

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Secure Attachment

child uses parent as a secure base from which to explore

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avoidant attachment

unresponsive to parent, does not use parent as a secure base, and does not care if parent leaves

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resistant/ambivalent attachment

clingy behavior, but then reject caregivers’ attempts to interact with them

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disorganized attachment

show off inconsistent behavior around the caregiver

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Permissive Parenting

child-driven, rarely gives or enforces rules, overindulges child

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authoritative parenting

solve problems together with the child, sets clear rules and expectations, open communication and natural consequences

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neglectful parenting

uninvolved or absent

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authoritarian parenting

parent-driven, strict rules and punishment, one-way communication

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social psychology

branch of psychology that studies how the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of individuals are influenced by the presence of others

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situationism

the view that our behavior and actions are determined by our immediate environment *external

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dispositionism

behavior is determined by internal factors

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Fundamental Attribution Error

tendency to overestimate internal factors as explanations/ attributions for the behavior of other people

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Actor-Observer Bias

phenomenon of explaining other people’s behaviors as due to internal behaviors and explaining our own behaviors as situational forces

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Self-serving Bias

tendency to explain our successes as dispositional (internal) and our failures as situational (external)

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Just-world hypothesis

belief that people get the outcomes they deserve

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social role

a pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group

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social norms

a groups expectation of what is appropriate and acceptable behavior for member

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scripts

a person’s knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting

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Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment

mock prison study that demonstrated the power of social roles, social norms, and scripts

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affective attitudes

emotions, feelings

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behavioral attitudes

intentions, past behavior, effect of attitude on actions

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cognitive

thoughts, beliefs

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cognitive dissonance

when an attitude and behavior are inconsistent

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groupthink

when groups members modify their own opinions to allign with the beliefs of the group

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group polarization

the strengthening of an original attitude after the discussion of views within a group

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social loafing

Exertion of less effort by a person working in a group

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prejudice

negative attitude about an individual bases off their membership of a particular gorup

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sterotypes

belief or assumption about someone based off their membership in a group

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discrimination

negative action toward an individual based off their membership in a group

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prosocial behavior

voluntary behavior that intends to help others

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altruism

desire to help others even if the costs outweigh the benefits

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empathy

capacity to understand another person’s perspective

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bystander effect

phenomenom in which a witness//bystander does not volunteer to help a victim or person in distress

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relationship and love

proximity and simularity

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infatuation

passion

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empty love

commitment

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liking

intimacy