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Cognition
thinking
cognitive psychology
field of psychology dedicated to examining how people think
prototypes
a strong example or representation of a concept
natural concepts
 formed through direct and indirect experiences, most concepts we create are defined by a general set of features, not all of which must be present
artifical concepts
formed by learning specific rules that define it, many acquired in schoolÂ
role schema
a mental collection of information about how individuals in certain roles behave
event schema
cognitive script- mental collection about a set of behaviors (*routines)
anchoring bias
tendency to focus on one particular piece of information when making decisions or problem-solving
confirmation bias
focuses on information that confirms existing beliefs
hindsight bias
the belief that hte even just experienced was predictable
representative bias
unintentional stereotyping of someone or something
availability bias
a decision is based upon either an available precedent or an example that may be faulty
divergent thinking
thinking out of the box
catell’s theory of intelligence
crystalized and fluid intelligence
crystalized intelligence
fact-based, prior learning and experience, ability to use acquired knowledge to solve problems
fluid intelligence
the ability to reason, capability to learn new things, abstract thinking, and problem-solving
sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence
analytical, creative, and practical intelligence
analytical intelligence
academic problem-solving and computation
creative intelligence
imaginative and innovative problem solving
practical intelligence
street smarts and common sense
gardner’s multiple intelligences theory
Intelligence is 8 things and has a robust prediction on what careers we will go into
developmental psychology
study of the patterns of growth and change occurring throughout life
continuous development
development occurs gradually
discontinuous development
development occurs in unique stages (specific ages)
Psychosexual Theory
Freud- childhood experiences shape our development, childrens pleasure-seeking urges are the bias of each stage- discontinuous development
psychosocial theory
Erikson- *8 stages: argues that personality development takes place across the life-span and not just childhood
Cognitive Theory
Piaget: Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational
Sensorimotor 0-2
world experiences through senses and actions, object permanence, stranger anxiety
Preoperational 2-6
use words and images to represent things, but lack logical reasoning; pretend play; egocentrism; language development
concrete operational 7-11
Understand concrete events and analogies logically; perform arithmetical operations, conservation
Formal Operational 12+
formal operations; utilize abstract reasoning; moral reasoning
Sociocultural Theory
Vygotsky- their surrounding culture largely influences a person’s cognitive development
Moral Theory
Kohlberg: they we react and respond is based on our moral compass; universal ethics
Moral Compass
Level 1- pre-conventional morality; Level 2- conventional morality; Level 3- post-conventional morality
Universal Ethics
behavior driven by internal moral principles
Secure Attachment
child uses parent as a secure base from which to explore
avoidant attachment
unresponsive to parent, does not use parent as a secure base, and does not care if parent leaves
resistant/ambivalent attachment
clingy behavior, but then reject caregivers’ attempts to interact with them
disorganized attachment
show off inconsistent behavior around the caregiver
Permissive Parenting
child-driven, rarely gives or enforces rules, overindulges child
authoritative parenting
solve problems together with the child, sets clear rules and expectations, open communication and natural consequences
neglectful parenting
uninvolved or absent
authoritarian parenting
parent-driven, strict rules and punishment, one-way communication
social psychology
branch of psychology that studies how the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of individuals are influenced by the presence of others
situationism
the view that our behavior and actions are determined by our immediate environment *external
dispositionism
behavior is determined by internal factors
Fundamental Attribution Error
tendency to overestimate internal factors as explanations/ attributions for the behavior of other people
Actor-Observer Bias
phenomenon of explaining other people’s behaviors as due to internal behaviors and explaining our own behaviors as situational forces
Self-serving Bias
tendency to explain our successes as dispositional (internal) and our failures as situational (external)
Just-world hypothesis
belief that people get the outcomes they deserve
social role
a pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group
social norms
a groups expectation of what is appropriate and acceptable behavior for member
scripts
a person’s knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting
Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment
mock prison study that demonstrated the power of social roles, social norms, and scripts
affective attitudes
emotions, feelings
behavioral attitudes
intentions, past behavior, effect of attitude on actions
cognitive
thoughts, beliefs
cognitive dissonance
when an attitude and behavior are inconsistent
groupthink
when groups members modify their own opinions to allign with the beliefs of the group
group polarization
the strengthening of an original attitude after the discussion of views within a group
social loafing
Exertion of less effort by a person working in a group
prejudice
negative attitude about an individual bases off their membership of a particular gorup
sterotypes
belief or assumption about someone based off their membership in a group
discrimination
negative action toward an individual based off their membership in a group
prosocial behavior
voluntary behavior that intends to help others
altruism
desire to help others even if the costs outweigh the benefits
empathy
capacity to understand another person’s perspective
bystander effect
phenomenom in which a witness//bystander does not volunteer to help a victim or person in distress
relationship and love
proximity and simularity
infatuation
passion
empty love
commitment
liking
intimacy