Exam 3 Review Psych 2000

Cognition

thinking

cognitive psychology

field of psychology dedicated to examining how people think

prototypes

a strong example or representation of a concept

natural concepts

 formed through direct and indirect experiences, most concepts we create are defined by a general set of features, not all of which must be present

artifical concepts

formed by learning specific rules that define it, many acquired in school 

role schema

a mental collection of information about how individuals in certain roles behave

event schema

cognitive script- mental collection about a set of behaviors (*routines)

anchoring bias

tendency to focus on one particular piece of information when making decisions or problem-solving

confirmation bias

focuses on information that confirms existing beliefs

hindsight bias

the belief that hte even just experienced was predictable

representative bias

unintentional stereotyping of someone or something

availability bias

a decision is based upon either an available precedent or an example that may be faulty

divergent thinking

thinking out of the box

catell’s theory of intelligence

crystalized and fluid intelligence

crystalized intelligence

fact-based, prior learning and experience, ability to use acquired knowledge to solve problems

fluid intelligence

the ability to reason, capability to learn new things, abstract thinking, and problem-solving

sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence

analytical, creative, and practical intelligence

analytical intelligence

academic problem-solving and computation

creative intelligence

imaginative and innovative problem solving

practical intelligence

street smarts and common sense

gardner’s multiple intelligences theory

Intelligence is 8 things and has a robust prediction on what careers we will go into

developmental psychology

study of the patterns of growth and change occurring throughout life

continuous development

development occurs gradually

discontinuous development

development occurs in unique stages (specific ages)

Psychosexual Theory

Freud- childhood experiences shape our development, childrens pleasure-seeking urges are the bias of each stage- discontinuous development

psychosocial theory

Erikson- *8 stages: argues that personality development takes place across the life-span and not just childhood

Cognitive Theory

Piaget: Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational

Sensorimotor 0-2

world experiences through senses and actions, object permanence, stranger anxiety

Preoperational 2-6

use words and images to represent things, but lack logical reasoning; pretend play; egocentrism; language development

concrete operational 7-11

Understand concrete events and analogies logically; perform arithmetical operations, conservation

Formal Operational 12+

formal operations; utilize abstract reasoning; moral reasoning

Sociocultural Theory

Vygotsky- their surrounding culture largely influences a person’s cognitive development

Moral Theory

Kohlberg: they we react and respond is based on our moral compass; universal ethics

Moral Compass

Level 1- pre-conventional morality; Level 2- conventional morality; Level 3- post-conventional morality

Universal Ethics

behavior driven by internal moral principles

Secure Attachment

child uses parent as a secure base from which to explore

avoidant attachment

unresponsive to parent, does not use parent as a secure base, and does not care if parent leaves

resistant/ambivalent attachment

clingy behavior, but then reject caregivers’ attempts to interact with them

disorganized attachment

show off inconsistent behavior around the caregiver

Permissive Parenting

child-driven, rarely gives or enforces rules, overindulges child

authoritative parenting

solve problems together with the child, sets clear rules and expectations, open communication and natural consequences

neglectful parenting

uninvolved or absent

authoritarian parenting

parent-driven, strict rules and punishment, one-way communication

social psychology

branch of psychology that studies how the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of individuals are influenced by the presence of others

situationism

the view that our behavior and actions are determined by our immediate environment *external

dispositionism

behavior is determined by internal factors

Fundamental Attribution Error

tendency to overestimate internal factors as explanations/ attributions for the behavior of other people

Actor-Observer Bias

phenomenon of explaining other people’s behaviors as due to internal behaviors and explaining our own behaviors as situational forces

Self-serving Bias

tendency to explain our successes as dispositional (internal) and our failures as situational (external)

Just-world hypothesis

belief that people get the outcomes they deserve

social role

a pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group

social norms

a groups expectation of what is appropriate and acceptable behavior for member

scripts

a person’s knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting

Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment

mock prison study that demonstrated the power of social roles, social norms, and scripts

affective attitudes

emotions, feelings

behavioral attitudes

intentions, past behavior, effect of attitude on actions

cognitive

thoughts, beliefs

cognitive dissonance

when an attitude and behavior are inconsistent

groupthink

when groups members modify their own opinions to allign with the beliefs of the group

group polarization

the strengthening of an original attitude after the discussion of views within a group

social loafing

Exertion of less effort by a person working in a group

prejudice

negative attitude about an individual bases off their membership of a particular gorup

sterotypes

belief or assumption about someone based off their membership in a group

discrimination

negative action toward an individual based off their membership in a group

prosocial behavior

voluntary behavior that intends to help others

altruism

desire to help others even if the costs outweigh the benefits

empathy

capacity to understand another person’s perspective

bystander effect

phenomenom in which a witness//bystander does not volunteer to help a victim or person in distress

relationship and love

proximity and simularity

infatuation

passion

empty love

commitment

liking

intimacy