AP World History: Modern - Unit 1: The Global Tapestry (Developments in Dar al-Islam) - Knowledge

Basic knowledge for 1.2 APWH.

What happened to Islam after the death of Muhammad?

rapid spread outward from Arabia

How did Islam spread?

-military conquest

-missionary work

-trade

To what geographical extent did Islam go to?

India, Spain, etc.

Who did Islamic leaders show tolerance to and why?

They were tolerant to Jews, Christians, and others who believed in one god and did good works. (people of the book)

How did Islam view knowledge?

an important tool to learn and to spread all throughout the world (Afro-Eurasia in the time)

What challenges did the Abbasid Empire face from 1100-1200?

-nomadic groups in Central Asia (also China)

-European invaders (China can’t relate)

How did the Mamluk Sultanate prosper?

they traded cotton and sugar

How did the Mamluk Empire lose power?

Portugal and other European empires develop new sea trade routes

What did the first sultan do?

reduced the role of highest-ranking Abbasid from caliph to chief Sunni religious authority

How did the Abbasids treat Christians?

They allowed them to travel to Jerusalem.

How did the Seljuk Turks treat Christians?

They limited Christian travel to Jerusalem.

How did the Abbasids influence the international economy and culture?

Since the 8th century, they controlled many trade routes that went throughout Afro-Eurasia.

What happened during Baghdad’s decline?

loss of population/wealth

could not afford to keep canals open

farmers could not feed the urban population

infrastructure decayed

What happened to the Islamic world after the Abbasid empire fell, politically?

It became politically fragmented.

How were new states in Dar al-Islam similar?

They adopted Abbasid practices.

How were new states in Dar al-Islam different?

ethnicity

Who shaped Islamic states created after the Abbasid caliphate?

Turkic peoples who had ancestors from Central Asia

What are 3 examples of the Turkic peoples who led empires after the Abbasid caliphate?

-Mamluks (North Africa)

-Seljuk Turks (Central Asia)

-Rulers of the Delhi Sultanate

What were legal systems in Dar al-Islam shaped by?

shariah

In what institutions was knowledge shared in through Dar al-Islam?

universities

What did Muslims do to Greek texts?

They translated them into Arabic, saving the works of Aristotle and other thinkers from oblivion.

What texts did Muslims study from India, and who did they share them with?

They studied mathematical texts they sent to Europe.

What practice did Dar-al Islam pick up from, from who, and who did they spread it to?

They adopted paper making from China and spread it to Europe.

How did people become doctors in places like Cairo in this time period?

They could get licenses by taking examinations.

What was ‘A’ishah al-Ba’uniyyah’s most known poem and what was it about?

It was “Clear Inspiration, Praise of the Trusted One.” It was about her broad learning, appreciation for Muhammad, journey towards mystical illumination, and her inspirations from other poets.

What could Sufism had been a response to?

the perceived love of luxury by the Umayyad Caliphate

How did Sufism win many Muslim converts?

they sympathized with multiple converts

What drove the golden age of Islam?

commerce

How did Muslims see merchants and why?

They valued them highly because Muhammad and his first wife were merchants.

What did merchants have to do in order to stay respected by Muslims?

They had to give alms to the poor and trade fairly.

How did Islamic rulers of non-Arab areas treat non-Arabs?

They discriminated against them, though rarely to open persecution, up until the 9th century.

What were caliph’s soldiers forbidden to do?

own the land they conquered

Why did life not change much for existing inhabitants under non-Arab Muslim caliphates?

The caliph’s soldiers only watched over land.

Who did people pay tribute to and who did they not pay it to?

They paid it to Muslim rulers rather than those of the Byzantine empire.

Who were Muslims forbidden from enslaving other than other Muslims?

monotheists: Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians

Where did Muslims get slaves?

Africa

Kievan Rus

Central Asia

Did Muslims institute hereditary slavery?

no

How did many slaves under Muslim masters gain freedom?

conversion to Islam

What did female slaves do?

became concubines to Islamic men who already had the four wives they were allowed

What freedoms did concubines have that legal wives didn't?

running errands (go to markets)

dancing/performing musically before other men

How could female slaves/concubines of Muslims gain their freedom?

making money from performing for other men

Which women had the tradition of veiling before Islamic women?

Byzantine women

What are some kinds of head coverings Islamic men wore?

turbans, skull caps

How did Islam approach a woman’s right to learn?

They supported it, but not in the company of unrelated men.

How did Muhammad change dowries?

He said they should be paid to the bride and not the father.

What practice did Muhammad end

female infanticide

What was Muhammad’s first wife like?

educated

owned a business

What are some other rights Islamic women had?

inheritance

could initiate divorce sometimes (sometimes with cash settlement)

remarriage after widowing

birth control

women who testified would be protected from retaliation

How did the urban landscape of the time change the status of women?

It was determined by their veiling or their harem.

How were the Umayyads able to invade Spain?

In 711, they defeated Byzantine armies in North Africa, allowing them to enter Spain from the south.

What was trade like under the Umayyads?

goods were brought on dhows from China and Southeast Asia

promotion of trade

What cultural revolutions did Muslims lay the groundwork for in Europe?

scientific revolution

Renaissance