Anthropology 161 Exam

Anthropology

the study of humans/humand-kind from the persective of all people through time

A ____ practce considers all aspects of human existance.

holistic

What are the four subdisciplines in the U.S?

Sociocultural, Archaeology, Linguistic, Physical (Biology).

_____ is sometimes considered a 5th
discipline?

Applied anthropology

Sociocultural anthropology examines
variations in _________________among
human populations (current & past)

culture

Culture is ___________ behavior
transmitted from person to
person - includes social
systems, economic systems,
marriage customs, religion, &
philosophy.

learned

Archaeology

the study of cultural behaviors in the past through analysis of cultural naterial remains

What is the goal of Archaeology?

To understand past cultures

Features -

formed or built by people, these
“objects” can’t be moved

Artifacts -

transportable objects made and
used by past peoples

Archaeologists are interested in:

How_______?

Why_______?

Why_______?

What______?

 How did people live at their sites?
 Why people lived where they did?
 Why were some cultures more complex
than others
 What caused the shifts to agriculture

Linguistics

the study of the structure, evolution, and language in human societies

Language

a set of written or
spoken symbols that refer to things

Biological (Physical)
Anthropology

examines all aspects of presend and pasr human biology

Two key concepts underlie this definition (biology)

1) Everyone is a product og evolutionary history

2) Everyone is a product of our own individual life history

Define the Six Subfields of Biological anthropology?

 Skeletal biology/paleopathology
 Forensic anthropology
 Primatology
 Human biology
 Genetics
 Paleoanthropology

Paleoanthropology

the study of ancient humans, hominids, and
the evolutionary past of humankind

Skeletal biology/paleopathology

study skeletal biological variation, health, and disease among PAST populations

Forensic anthropology

human identification, skeletal biologists but in the medico-legal context. Work with MODERN groups

Primatology

the study of our primate cousins including lemurs, monkeys, and apes (chimpanzees, gorillas)

Human Biology

studies variation and in health in MODERN, LIVING group

Genetics

studies relatedness, human variation at
the genetic level, and population movement

What six traits makes up Human?

 Bipedalism
 Non-honing canine
 Material culture
 Hunting

Speech
 Domesticated Foods

What does this course examine?

variation and CHANGE

BIOCULTURAL

Impact of CULTURE

THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

a process of observation, forming hpotheseses, experimentation conduction, and testing whether hypotheses are rejected or accepted.

Science

a way of acquiring knowledge
through observation

Observations form the basis for id-ing
problems, developing questions and
gathering _______

Data

Data –

assists in answering questions
and solving problems

Data is used to test ____, using observation; using observation of said data to accept or reject them

hypotheses

So based on ______ from the
natural world → _________
made from those observations → _____

OBSERVATIONS, GENERALIZATIONS, TESTS of those generalizations

Science is ____, based on
observation or experienc

empirical

Science includes both ___and
___ research methods

Inductive, Deductive

Step 1 of Scientific Method: ____ based on earlier ____

Identify the problem, observation

Step 2 of Scientific Method: ___ ___ ___ (explanation)

State the hypothesis

Step 3 of Scientific Method: ____relevant data (additional observations)

Collect

Step 4 of Scientific Method: ___ the hypothesis (rejection, acceptance, or modification)

Test

Hypotheses that stand the test of repeated testing become ____?

theories

Theory

the best explanation possible based on understanding real world observation and testing

TRUE OR FALSE: Science is continually
evolving, changing, as new and
better observations are made.

True

In 1831, what ship was Charles Darwin hired on?

The HMS Beagle

Observed that physical characteristics of
finches and other organisms were ____ (characteristics that increase an organism’s ability to surive and reproduce)

adaptations

Theory of natural selection – The process by which organisms with features that enable ____ and ____.

Survival, reproduction

Theory of natural selection increases the ____ of features in a population.

frequency

Stasis

A European worldview that did NOT believe in change or adaption

Fixity of species

no change; animals are fixed to their physical form

Great Chain of Being

a hierarchical structure, decreed by God, detailing every living thing arranged in a great chain linked highest to lowest; God at top to angels, humans, animals, and plants to minerals. (No adaptation!)

What book did Nicolaus Copernicus write?

On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres (1543)

What did Nicolaus Copernicu’ book discuss?

Heliocentric vs Geocentric; earth is at the center of the universe rather than the sun

What did Archbishop James Ussher want to know?

The earth’s age

When did Ussher say the Earth began?

4004 BC

World belief in Ussher’s era =

physical expression of God’s thoughts; understanding it was intertwined with religion

Who coined the term species?

John Ray

Who is often called the father of natural history?

John Ray

What did John Ray discover?

If two things can interbreed and produce viable offspring, then they are in the same species.

What did Carolus Linnaeus propose?

prosed formal classification system (taxonomy)

Who perfected binomial nomenclature?

Carolus Linnaeus

Who discovered two different unique ways to describe organisms, species, and genus? (ex: homo sapiens)

Carolus Linnaeus

Which book did Linnaeus write?

Systema Naturae (1736, 10th edition 1758)

What are the four taxonomic levels determined during the period of Linnaeus?

Class, Order, Genus, Species

Comte de Buffon believed the planet was older than ____ years (uniformitarianism)

6000

Buffon believed in ____ ____ (life descending from a common ancestor).

common descent

Historie Naturelle (1749)

Buffon’s 36 volumes, described all living
things, everything known about the
natural world = anatomy, ecology,
biogeography for each species

Who saw the GCB as a continuum
BUT not immutable?

Buffon

Whose the father of Paleontology?

Baron Georges Cuvier

Did Cuvier reject fixity of species?

yes

____ believed in catastrophism (sudden, violent natural disasters tge cause sudden exctinction.

Cuvier

Cuvier was an international expert on _____.

Dinosaurs

Catastrophism explained the patterns of ____ and faunal succession that were observed in fossil record.

exctinctions

Who is the father of modern geology?

James Hutton

1785 - Suggested an _______________– “no vestige of a beginning, no prospect of an end.”

infinity of time

Uniformitarianism

the concept that earth is much older than believed

Gradualism

millions of years required to shape the Earth

True or False: Hutton rejected catastrophism?

True; Hutton believed sudden changed contradicted adaptation

____ believed simple organisms can evolve and be transmutated to better organisms to strive for perfection.

Lamark

True or False: lamark believed the enviroment did NOT produce a need for change

false

Lamarkism

organisms’ bodies are altered during its life time for survival with the trait passable to offspring → evolution due to inheritance of acquired traits

_________ was the first concrete theory of evolution.

Inheritance of aquired traits

Why was lamark’s findings important?

Challenged idea of fixity and stasis

Postulated a dynamic INTERACTION
between ORGANISMS and their
ENVIRONMENT, ______________.

organisms change in response to their enviroment

What three declines of living conditions in 19th century England did Malthus describe?

1) Overproduction

2) Insuffient resources with population

3) Irresponsibility of the lower class

Essay on the Principle of Population (1798)

if organisms overproduce, then humans can too; family sizes must be regulated to avoid global human faminine

Principles of Geology (1830)

“change is the only constant”

Who wrote the Principals of Geology

Lyell

Lyell Provided evidence for Hutton’s idea of
uniformitarianism - “Geological processes occur in the ___ as in the _____.”

past, present

At age 22, who was offered the position as a naturalist on the HMS Beagle for a five year journey to SOuth African and other parts of the world?

Charles Darwin

_____ was influenced by the idea that change is the ONLY constant

Charles Darwin

What two animales were Darwin’s key evidence forr natural selection?

Turtles and finches

Why did Darwin initially withhold his findings from the Galapagos Islands?

Due to religious pressures and other sciences

Which self trained scientist pushed Darwin to publish his work?

John Steven Henslow

Darwin understood fossils and the extinct but he ws much more focused on the _____.

Living

Which two scientists was Darwin inspired by?

Lyell and Malthus

Darwin’s theory states that population growth is ___, while resources are mathematical; limited resources will remain until they’re naturally whiped out.

exponential

True or False: Darwin had no knowledge of genetics or DNA?

True

In 1837, Darwin’s writings accepted that ____ could be modified, as seen with animal breeders.

Species

READ MALTHUS: If populations remain ____, then most young die.

stable

Influenced by Lyell’s Principal of ____, Darwin believed that specific traits were selected or deselected for the improved survival of the species.”

Geology

Pattern Variation

the reasoning for change Darwin believed in which offspring would would get the best traits for survival

On the Galapagos Islands, Darwin observed differences in 13 ___ species.

Finch

What type of pressues caused changed and observable differences in Finch beak sizes?

Enviromental Pressures